Type 2 diabetes nutritional treatment. My diet for type II diabetes. Personal experience. Fruits and berries

It is not difficult to understand nutrition for a diabetic. It is enough to know which foods are available in limited quantities, and which should make up the bulk of the diet. Knowing also about the glycemic index, cooking methods and combinations, you can build quality nutrition aimed at maintaining a stable state.

13 allowed food groups for diabetes

Diabetes imposes serious restrictions on the patient's diet, but the overall list of products is impressive even with strict adjustments to treatment.

The list of permitted products includes:

1. Lean meat ... This is mainly poultry, fish, rabbit. In this case, not only the meat itself plays a role, but also the method of its preparation. The best ways are to stew, bake, boil. Read more about meat allowed for diabetics here. Seafood is also allowed - shrimp, scallop.
2. Whole grain baked goods ... A diabetic can use bread, but it should be wholemeal bread, enriched with fiber. Rye bread is also allowed.
3. Some cereals ... The best porridge for diabetes is the one made from pearl barley. You can also cook buckwheat or oatmeal. Although their glycemic index reaches 50, in any case, cereals are needed, despite their not low glycemic index. Read more about choosing cereals here.
4. Any legumes and mushrooms ... Vegetable protein is a worthy alternative to meat. Beans, peas and lentils can and should be used in the diet. Mushrooms fit perfectly here.
5. Hot first courses ... Soups and broths are allowed only if they are not excessively fatty or prepared in a vegetarian version.
6. Some dairy products ... Some dairy products are allowed for diabetics. For example, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese, fermented baked milk, milk. Eggs are also allowed.
7. Vegetables ... In addition to boiled potatoes, beets, carrots and zucchini, other vegetables can be included in the daily menu, especially if served raw. You can also include greens here.
8. Fruits and berries with a low glycemic index. Most fruits and berries are allowed, but watch out for their GI.
9. Pasta from coarse flour. Usually, these pasta differ in taste and color, but unlike white pasta, they will not harm the body.
10. Tea coffee ... By themselves, these drinks are almost harmless, unless, of course, you do not exceed the permissible daily allowance. Read about the influence of different types of tea on the body of a diabetic and about many other things in this article. But in any case, sugar cannot be added to the drink.
11. Soda ... Allowed if there is no sugar in them.
12. Nuts and seeds ... Any nuts raw or roasted without salt are allowed.
13. Special products for diabetics ... As a rule, these are adapted products with acceptable sweeteners. However, their quantity should be normalized, since even sugar substitutes cannot be abused.

The healthiest foods for a diabetic are natural, low-carb, plant-based foods. 2/3 of the diet should consist of vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, coarse flour products. The second place is occupied by high-quality protein of animal origin, mainly dairy products and poultry. Some sweets are welcome, but homemade vegetarian or diabetic options (store-bought) are considered the best option.

What sweeteners are allowed?

Allowed sugar analogues include:

• fructose;
• xylitol;
• sorbitol;
• saccharin;
• aspartame.

In limited quantities, sweeteners can be added to drinks, diabetic homemade sweets.

Low glycemic index foods for diabetics

The glycemic index (GI) shows how a particular food will increase blood sugar. There is a product schema, conventionally divided into three categories:

• Foods with a high glycemic index - from 70 to 100;
• With an average - from 50 to 70;
• Low - up to 50.

The most suitable foods for diabetes have a low and rarely an average glycemic index. They are allowed to be included in the daily diet.

A list of low GI foods for diabetics can be viewed in the following table:

Based on it, you can include the following products in your daily menu:

• salad and herbs;
• tomatoes and cucumbers;
• beans, broccoli and all types of cabbage;
• mushrooms;
• Green pepper;
• legumes;
• eggplant
• pearl barley (sometimes buckwheat, oatmeal);
• citrus fruit;
• durum wheat pasta (brown and black).

However, when selecting products for GI, you need to know about some of the nuances:

• Surely it is rather difficult to indicate the parameters of the GI of each product. For example, for white bread, a glycemic index of 70 is allocated, but if there is no sugar in this bread and it is all strewn with seeds, then its glycemic index will decrease.
• Heat treatment radically changes the glycemic index of the product in some cases. This applies to carrots, beets, pasta and cereals. The longer the heat treatment process, the more the glycemic index of the product will increase.
• Pay attention to fiber foods. It guarantees medium and low GI. Bran bread has a GI of 45, and a white loaf has a GI of 85-90. The same applies to cereals: brown rice has a GI of up to 50, and white - 75.

To help you navigate, consider any sugar-rich food to be a high GI food. And if the product or its neighboring products in the dish contain proteins and fats, then the GI will be either medium or low.

Type 2 Diabetes Food Table

To make it easier to navigate what is allowed and what is forbidden in type 2 diabetes, use the table:

	Can	In limited quantities
Bread products and cereals	Rye bread, some cereals	Black bread, pasta	White bread, pastries, rice and regular pasta
Vegetables	Everything except the forbidden	Boiled potatoes and beets, canned vegetables	Fried potatoes, vegetables fried in margarine, boiled carrots, zucchini, pumpkin
Fruits and berries	Fruits and berries with a glycemic index up to 70 and below	Melon, watermelon, bananas	Fruits and berries with added sugar or canned
Condiments	Any natural spices	Homemade sauces	Mayonnaise, ketchup
Broths, soups	Vegetable, low-fat	Broths and soups with cereals	Broths on meat
Milk products	Kefir, fermented baked milk, low-fat milk, low-fat cheese	Yoghurts, feta cheese	Butter, fat cheese, sour cream, condensed milk, heavy cream
Fish with seafood	Fish fillet, shrimps	Fatty fish, oysters, mussels, squids	Canned fish, herring
Meat	Bird, rabbit	Veal, beef	Fat meat
Fats	Olive oil, non-fatty vegetable oil	Unrefined sunflower oil	Lard, margarine
desserts	-	Sweets for diabetics	Sweets with sugar

You can learn more about the type 2 diabetes diet here.

Type 1 diabetes foods

The best foods allowed for type 1 diabetics include:

• cereals (it can be barley porridge, buckwheat, oatmeal, etc.);
• baked goods, but without the use of yeast (for example, rye bread);
• almost the entire list of vegetables, except for potatoes, boiled carrots, pumpkins, beets, zucchini;
• fruits other than sweet ones;
• sugar-free drinks (compotes, tea, mineral water, etc.);
• soy products (tofu);
• nuts and seeds raw.

Processing methods must also be strictly regulated. In particular, forget about fried foods. Steamed, baked dishes are welcome, but fresh or slightly cooked foods are best.

If possible, replace traditional tea with rosehip tea, broths and infusions, as they lower blood sugar levels.

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Health food

Doctors have known about the need for a diet in diabetes mellitus for a long time - it was medical nutrition in the pre-insulin era that was the only effective mechanism to combat the problem. The diet is especially important for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, where the likelihood of coma with decompensation and even death is high. For diabetics with the second type of disease, nutritional therapy is usually prescribed for weight correction and a more predictable stable course of the disease.

Basic principles

1. The basic concept of a therapeutic diet for any type of diabetes is the so-called unit of bread - a theoretical measure of the equivalent of ten grams of carbohydrates. Modern nutritionists have developed special sets of tables for all types of products, indicating the amount of XE per 100 grams of product. Every day, a patient with diabetes is recommended to take products with a total "value" of 12-24 XE - the dosage is selected individually, depending on the body weight, age and level of physical activity of the patient.
2. Keeping a detailed food diary. All foods consumed must be recorded so that, if necessary, the nutritionist can correct the nutritional system.
3. Multiplicity of receptions. Diabetics are recommended to eat 5-6 times. At the same time, breakfast, lunch and dinner should account for 75 percent of the daily ration, the remaining 2-3 snacks - the remaining 25 percent.
4. Individualization of medical nutrition. Modern science recommends individualizing classic diets, adjusting them to the patient's physiological preferences, regional factors (a set of local dishes and traditions) and other parameters, while maintaining a balance of all components of a balanced diet.
5. Equivalence of replacement. If you change your diet, then the selected alternative products should be as interchangeable as possible in terms of calorie content, as well as the ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates. The main groups of components in this case include products containing predominantly carbohydrates (1), proteins (2), fats (3) and multi-component (4). Substitutions are possible only within these groups. If the replacement occurs in (4), then nutritionists make adjustments to the composition of the entire diet, while replacing the elements from (1), it is necessary to take into account the equivalence in terms of the glycemic index - this can be helped by the XE tables described above.

Foods strictly prohibited in diabetes mellitus

Modern dietetics, armed with advanced diagnostic methods and studies of the effect of substances and products on the body, in recent years has significantly narrowed the list of absolutely prohibited foods for patients with diabetes. At the moment, dishes based on refined refined carbohydrates, sweets and sugar, as well as products containing refractory fats and a lot of cholesterol are absolutely contraindicated.

There is a relative prohibition on white bread, rice and semolina porridge, as well as pasta - they can be used strictly limited. In addition, regardless of the type of diabetes, alcohol is completely contraindicated.

Diabetes diet

In some cases, strict adherence to the diet for type 2 diabetes helps to completely compensate for carbohydrate metabolism and not to use drugs. For diabetics with type 1 and other types of diabetes, nutritional therapy is considered and is an important element of the complex therapy of the problem.

Types of diabetes diets

1. Classic... This type of nutritional therapy was developed back in the 30s and 40s of the twentieth century and is a balanced, albeit strict type of diet. Its striking representative in domestic dietetics is "Table number 9" with numerous, later variations. It is this type of nutritional therapy that is suitable for almost all diabetics with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
2. Modern... The principles of individualization and the peculiarities of the mentality of certain social groups gave rise to a variety of different menus and modern diets, with less strict prohibitions on certain types of products and taking into account new properties discovered in the latter, which made it possible to introduce previously conventionally prohibited products into the daily diet.
   The main principles here are the factor of the use of "protected" carbohydrates containing a sufficient amount of dietary fiber. However, it should be understood that this kind of medical nutrition is selected strictly individually and cannot be considered as a universal mechanism for compensating for carbohydrate metabolism.
3. Low carb diets... Designed primarily for type 2 diabetics with increased body weight. The main principle is to exclude as much of the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates as possible, but not to the detriment of health. However, it is contraindicated for children; it also cannot be used for people with renal problems (nephropathies of late stages) and for diabetics with type 1 diabetes and severe hypoglycemia.
4. Vegetarian diets... Experimental studies at the turn of the 20th century have shown that vegan diets, with an emphasis on significantly reducing the intake of foods rich in fat, not only contribute to weight loss, but also lower blood sugar. A large amount of whole vegetation, rich in dietary fiber and fiber, in some cases turns out to be even more effective than the recommended specialized diets, especially since a vegetarian diet implies a significant decrease in the total calorie content of the daily diet. This, in turn, significantly reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome in pre-diabetic conditions, can act as an independent prophylactic agent and effectively fight against the appearance of diabetes.

Menu for every day

Below, we will look at the classic dietary menu for type 1 and type 2 diabetics, which is optimal for patients with mild to moderate diabetes mellitus. In the case of severe decompensation, addiction and hyper- and hypoglycemia, an individualized dietary regimen should be developed by a nutritionist taking into account human physiology, current health problems and other factors.

Base:

1. Protein - 85-90 grams (sixty percent of animal origin).
2. Fat - 75–80 grams (one third of vegetable basis).
3. Carbohydrates - 250-300 grams.
4. Free liquid - about one and a half liters.
5. Salt -11 grams.

The food system is fractional, five to six times a day, the daily maximum energy value is no more than 2400 kcal.

Prohibited Products:

Meat / culinary fats, sharp sauces, sweet juices, pastries, rich broths, cream, pickles and marinades, fatty meats and fish, canned foods, salted and saturated cheeses, pasta, semolina, rice, sugar, jams, alcohol, ice cream and sweets sugar-based, grapes, all raisins and bananas with dates / figs.

Allowed foods / meals:

1. Flour products - rye and bran bread is allowed, as well as non-tasty flour products.
2. Soups - optimal for medical nutrition are borscht, cabbage soup, vegetable soups, as well as stews in low-fat broth. Sometimes okroshka.
3. Meat. Low-fat varieties of beef, veal, pork. Limited chicken, rabbit, lamb, boiled tongue and liver are allowed. From fish - any low-fat varieties boiled, steamed or baked without vegetable oil.
4. Milk products. Low-fat cheeses, dairy products without added sugar. Limited - 10% sour cream, low-fat or semi-fat cottage cheese. Eat eggs without yolks, as a last resort, in the form of omelets.
5. Cereals. Oatmeal, pearl barley, beans, buckwheat, yachka, millet.
6. Vegetables. Recommended are carrots, beets, cabbage, pumpkin, zucchini, eggplants, cucumbers and tomatoes. Potatoes are limited.
7. Snacks and sauces. Fresh vegetable salads, tomato and low-fat sauces, horseradish, mustard and pepper. Limited - squash or other vegetable caviar, vinaigrette, jellied fish, seafood dishes with a minimum of vegetable oil, low-fat beef jellies.
8. Fats - limited vegetable, butter and ghee.
9. Other. Sugar-free drinks (tea, coffee, rosehip broth, vegetable juices), jellies, mousses, fresh sweet and sour non-exotic fruits, compotes. Very limited - honey and sweets with sweeteners.

Indicative menu for a week with diabetes mellitus

Individual components of the menu below are subject to replacement in accordance with the principles of equivalent replacement within the above groups.

Monday

• We will have breakfast with two hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese, to which you can add some berries.
• The second time we have breakfast with one glass of one percent kefir.
• We have lunch with 150 grams of baked beef, a plate of vegetable soup. For garnish - stewed vegetables in the amount of 100-150 grams.
• Have an afternoon snack with fresh cabbage and cucumber salad, seasoned with a teaspoon of olive oil. The total volume is 100–150 grams.
• We have dinner with grilled vegetables (80 grams) and one medium baked fish weighing up to two hundred grams.

Tuesday

• We have breakfast with a plate of buckwheat porridge - no more than 120 grams.
• The second time we have breakfast with two medium-sized apples.
• We have lunch with a plate of vegetable borscht, 100 grams of boiled beef. You can drink food with compote without added sugar.
• Have an afternoon with a glass of rosehip broth.
• We have dinner with a bowl of fresh vegetable salad in the amount of 160-180 grams, as well as one boiled lean fish (150-200 grams).

Wednesday

• We have breakfast with cottage cheese casserole - 200 grams.
• Before lunch, you can drink a glass of rosehip broth.
• We have lunch with a plate of cabbage soup, two small fish cakes and a hundred grams of vegetable salad.
• Have an afternoon snack with one boiled egg.
• We have dinner with a plate of stewed cabbage and two medium-sized meat patties, cooked in the oven or steamed.

Thursday

• We will have breakfast with an omelet of two eggs.
• Before lunch, you can eat a cup of yogurt with minimal fat or unsweetened at all.
• We dine with cabbage soup and two units of stuffed peppers based on lean meat and allowed cereals.
• Have an afternoon snack with two hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese and carrots casserole.
• We have supper with stewed chicken meat (a piece of two hundred grams) and a plate of vegetable salad.

Friday

• We have breakfast with a plate of millet porridge and one apple.
• Before lunch, eat two medium-sized oranges.
• We have lunch with meat goulash (no more than one hundred grams), a plate of fish soup and a plate of barley.
• Have an afternoon snack with a plate of fresh vegetable salad.
• We have supper with a good portion of stewed vegetables with lamb, with a total weight of up to 250 grams.

Saturday

• We will have breakfast with a plate of bran-based porridge, one pear can be consumed as a bite.
• Before lunch, it is permissible to eat one soft-boiled egg.
• We dine with a large plate of vegetable stew with the addition of lean meat - only 250 grams.
• Have an afternoon snack with a few permitted fruits.
• We have dinner with a hundred grams of stewed lamb and a plate of vegetable salad in the amount of 150 grams.

Sunday

• We have breakfast with a bowl of low-fat cottage cheese with a small amount of berries - only up to one hundred grams.
• For the second breakfast - two hundred grams of grilled chicken.
• We have lunch with a plate of vegetable soup, one hundred grams of goulash and a bowl of vegetable salad.
• Have an afternoon snack with a plate of berry salad - up to 150 grams in total.
• We have dinner with one hundred grams of boiled beans and two hundred grams of steamed shrimp.

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Nutrition principles

As a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder occurs. Improper functioning of the digestive system is associated with a lack and inability to fully absorb glucose. For mild type 2 diabetes, diet can be a treatment and no special medications are required.

Despite the fact that each patient has his own, individual diet, according to the totality of common signs, food intake for patients with type 2 diabetes is put into a single scheme called "table number 9". Based on this basic diet, an individual regimen is created, adjusted for each specific case.

1. In medical nutrition, the ratio of "proteins: fats: carbohydrates" is very important. In this case, it should be "16%: 24%: 60%". This distribution provides an optimal intake of "building" material in the patient's body.
2. For each patient, his own individual daily calorie requirement is calculated. The amount of energy received from food should not exceed that spent by the body. Usually doctors advise setting the daily rate for women at 1200 Kcal, and for men at 1500 Kcal.
3. First of all, sugar should be excluded from the diet, replacing them.
4. The patient's diet should be fortified, and rich in trace elements and cellulose.
5. The consumption of animal fats needs to be halved.
6. Be sure to increase the number of meals up to 5 or 6 times. Moreover, each of them should be correctly combined with physical activity. Also, the use of drugs (hypoglycemic) is selected.
7. Dinner should be no later than 2 hours before bedtime.
8. It is required that breaks between meals be at least three hours.

It is very important for a person with diabetes to correctly formulate a diet and choose the appropriate menu, using the doctor's recommendations when choosing products. You can not engage in amateur performances, as this can aggravate the course of the disease.

Allowed products and ready meals

A patient with such a diagnosis will have to follow a diet for life. It is the right choice of permitted products that can provide a person with a decent life. The patient is allowed to eat certain foods.

1. Bread. Diabetic or rye bread is allowed in small quantities. A product made from bran is freely allowed for use. Ordinary baked goods and pasta are very limited or not allowed.
2. Vegetables, herbs. A person with diabetes can and should add fresh vegetables to their diet. Cabbage, sorrel, zucchini, cucumbers, onions and other sources of dietary fiber have a beneficial effect on metabolism and contribute to its normalization. Boiled potatoes, beets and carrots are allowed to be consumed no more than 200 g per day. Corn and legumes can be eaten sparingly and in small amounts.
3. From fruits and berries, you can unlimitedly eat cranberries, quince and lemon. The rest of the products from this group are allowed to be eaten in limited quantities. There are no completely banned fruits and berries.
4. Among the spices and seasonings allowed include pepper, cinnamon, herbs and mustard. Use salad dressings and low-fat homemade mayonnaise sparingly and with caution.
5. Low-fat meat and fish broths are also on the list of those available for use. Vegetable soups are also allowed.
6. Low fat cheese and kefir also get the green light.
7. A fish. The principle when eating fish: the less fat it contains, the better for the body. It is allowed to eat 150 g of fish per day.
8. It is very important for the patient to limit himself in the use of fatty meat. It can be no more than 100g per day, exclusively boiled or baked.
9. Cereals. A person diagnosed with type 2 diabetes can afford oatmeal, barley and buckwheat cereals. The use of pearl barley and millet should be reduced.
10. From drinks, herbal infusions, green teas should be preferred. You can drink milk and ground coffee.
11. Low-fat cottage cheese is allowed in its pure form, and as casseroles, cheesecakes and other ready-made dishes.
12. Due to cholesterol, eggs can be eaten no more than once a week in an amount of no more than two pieces. Several cooking options are allowed: omelet, boiled soft-boiled or hard-boiled, or adding them to other dishes.

As you can see from the list, patients with type 2 diabetes are allowed a large enough variety of foods to make the menu varied, tasty, and fully balanced.

Prohibited foods

Since diabetes mellitus is a very serious disease that affects the entire metabolism in general, the list of prohibited foods is quite large and varied.

1. Biscuits, cakes, pastries and other sweets are prohibited. Since their taste is based on the inclusion of sugar in the composition, you need to be careful not to eat them. The exception is baked goods and other products made specifically for diabetics based on sugar substitutes.
2. You cannot use baked dough bread.
3. Fried potatoes, white rice, and pitiful vegetables should disappear from the patient's table.
4. You can not eat spicy, smoked, highly salted and fried foods.
5. Sausages should also be excluded from the patient's diet.
6. You cannot eat even small amounts of butter, fatty mayonnaise, margarine, cooking and meat fats.
7. Semolina, racial cereals, and pasta are likewise banned.
8. You cannot eat homemade pickles with marinades.
9. Alcohol is strictly prohibited.

It is important to remember that following a diet and excluding foods prohibited for this disease from the menu will help to avoid many complications of diabetes, such as blindness, cardiovascular disease, angiopathy, and so on. An additional plus will be the ability to maintain a good figure.

The benefits of dietary fiber

Dietary fiber is a small element of plant food that is not affected by enzymes that help break down foods. They pass through the digestive system without being digested.

They have sugar and lipid-lowering effects. Dietary fiber reduces the absorption of glucose in the human intestine, additionally creates a feeling of fullness. It is because of these properties that they must necessarily be included in the menu of patients with diabetes.

Dietary fiber is rich in:

• wholemeal flour;
• coarse bran;
• rye and oat flour;
• nuts;
• beans;
• Strawberry;
• dates;
• raspberries and many other foods.

The amount of fiber required by a diabetic patient is 354 g per day. Moreover, it is important that 51% of it comes from vegetables, 40% from grain, its derivatives, and 9% from berries and mushrooms.

Sugar substitutes

For those patients for whom the presence of sweetness in the diet is mandatory, special substances have been developed that add a sweet taste to the product. They are divided into two groups.

1. Calorigenic. Their number must be taken into account when calculating the energy component of food. These include sorbitol, xylitol, and fructose.
2. Non-caloric. Acesulfame potassium, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin are the main representatives of this group.

In stores, you can find baked goods, drinks, sweets and other sweet foods in which sugar is replaced by these substances.

It should be remembered that such products may contain fat, the amount of which also needs to be controlled.

Sample menu for type 2 diabetes mellitus

In diabetes mellitus, one of the important conditions is to reduce the consumed portions, increasing the number of meals.

The approximate menu and diet of the patient looks like this.

1. First breakfast. Best at 7 am. For breakfast, you can eat porridge from the allowed list. They start the metabolism. It is also good to eat cottage cheese or egg dishes in the morning. Should account for 25% of the total daily energy requirement.
2. Second breakfast (snack). Curd dishes or fruits are useful. 15% of the calories allowed.
3. Lunch should be at 13-14 hours and make up 30% of the daily diet.
4. At 4:00 pm, it's time for an afternoon snack. 10% of all calories. Fruit will be the best solution.
5. Dinner at 6:00 pm should be the last meal. It makes up the remaining 20%.
6. In case of severe hunger, you can have a snack at night at 22:00. Kefir or milk will relieve hunger well.

The diet for diabetes mellitus should be developed in conjunction with the attending physician. Depending on the degree of the disease, any products can be added or removed. Other concomitant diseases can also affect the menu.

It is important to remember that proper nutrition, while bringing visible results, is not a panacea. It must be combined with light physical activity and medication. Only an integrated approach to treatment and the fulfillment of all prescriptions can guarantee a stable condition and no complications.

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Nutritional goals and guidelines for diabetes

Permitted and prohibited foods for diabetes

For effective treatment of diabetes mellitus, it is not enough for a patient to take only medications, it is important to eat properly and rationally. The disease is formed against the background of an imbalance in the metabolism (disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism), while the pancreas is not able to produce insulin in sufficient quantities.

Such pathological changes lead to the fact that the blood sugar level rises. By consuming certain foods, you can lower your blood glucose levels.

Nutritional goals for diabetes

The main goal of nutrition in diabetes is to restore metabolic processes and prevent a sudden rise in blood glucose levels. A sharp increase in sugar indicators may be due to the consumption of simple carbohydrates, so that this does not happen, an indicator is assigned to all products - the glycemic index (GI), for 100% of which glucose is taken in its pure form.

For this, a special table was developed, according to which patients can compare foods for the content of "bad" carbohydrates. When foods with a low GI are consumed, blood glucose rises slowly or remains at the same level. And if the food contains a large amount of carbohydrates, blood sugar begins to rise sharply.

The menu for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is carefully compiled, since in the early stages of the disease, with mild and moderate severity, diet is one of the main methods of treatment. With type 2 diabetes, you can follow a low-calorie diet number 9.

Individuals with type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent) make up the menu using bread units (XE). In this case, 1 XE is equal to 15 grams. carbohydrates (12 grams of sugar, 25 grams of bread). The daily rate of carbohydrates in this case depends on the course of the disease, the physiological characteristics of the patient (gender, weight).

On average, an adult needs 15-30 XE per day, and a single serving of food should be 2-5 XE, more high-calorie foods are consumed in the morning. Foods together with physical exercises will bring great usefulness, this will help to activate metabolic processes, stabilize body weight.

Basic rules of nutrition for diabetes

Each patient with a diagnosis of diabetes is obliged to adhere to the following dietary rules:

1. You need to eat in fractional portions, on average 6 times a day (the absorption of sugar from the intestinal tract into the blood occurs evenly);
2. You need to eat food at a certain time (this allows you to accurately regulate glucose levels);
3. Keep track of calories consumed daily;
4. Include fiber in the daily diet;
5. Cook dishes only with vegetable oils (sunflower, olive);
6. It is important to learn how to substitute some carbohydrate-containing foods for others so that the jumps in blood counts are insignificant. For this, a specially designed table of bread units is used.

Permitted and prohibited foods for diabetes

Allowed Products

Prohibited products

Uncomfortable flour products, bread (rye, black, with bran); Lactic acid products, milk with a low content of fat; Cereals, cereals; Eggs; Legumes, vegetables, herbs; Sour, sweet and sour fruits; Low-fat soups, broths; Low-fat meat; River, sea fish; Sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds; Nuts - walnuts, pine nuts, hazelnuts, peanuts, almonds; Coffee, tea, mineral water, fruit drinks, compotes without sugar.

Smoked, salty, fatty foods; Salty cheeses, fermented milk products with a high fat content; Pasta, rice, semolina; White bread, baked goods; Sweets, confectionery; Semi-finished products; Alcoholic, carbonated drinks; Mustard, mayonnaise, pepper; Fatty meats - pork, lamb; Carbohydrate-rich vegetables (potatoes, limit your intake of beets and carrots); Muesli, popcorn, cornflakes.

Foods consumed by a diabetic should have a low glycemic index - below 50%. The GI percentage depends on how the product is processed. Experts recommend consuming food of your own preparation, since XE and GI in this case are easy to calculate.

All consumed foods are divided into 3 types:

1. Do not increase sugar- greens, green vegetables, mushrooms. Drinks - coffee, tea without sugar, cream; mineral water without gases.
2. Moderate increase give cereals, with the exception of semolina and rice, lactic acid products, milk, noodles, wholemeal bread, unsweetened fruits and nuts.
3. Significantly increase glucose level: confectionery, flour products, alcoholic beverages, freshly squeezed juices. Drinks that contain sugar, fruits - grapes, banana, raisins, pickled vegetables and canned food.

Specially designed "diabetic" foods are not the best option for constant consumption, they are high in calories. In addition, they contain substitutes (fructose) that can cause side effects:

• Increased appetite;
• Increased levels of "bad" cholesterol;

Prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus

To prevent possible complications (hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia), it is recommended to use the following juices, products and brew herbal infusions:

• Grapefruit juice, grapefruit; Ginseng;
• Flax seeds; Cabbage juice;
• Celery, onions, garlic, parsley;
• St. John's wort, nettle, dandelion;
• Eleutherococcus; Walnut leaves; Chicory;
• Common blueberries; Jerusalem artichoke; Rose hip.

Herbal infusions equalize blood glucose levels, improve digestion processes. They have no restrictions on consumption, they can be consumed daily.

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Features of type 2 diabetes and the importance of a healthy diet

Type 2 disease is also called non-insulin dependent. In this case, the body does not need insulin injections. According to statistics, the number of people suffering from this type of disease is 4 times higher than the number of patients with type 1 diabetes.

In type 2 patients, the pancreas still produces insulin. However, it is either insufficient for full-fledged work, or the body loses its ability to recognize and use it correctly. As a result of such malfunctions, glucose does not enter the tissue cells. Instead, it accumulates directly in a person's bloodstream. The normal functioning of the body is disrupted.

Why does it sometimes happen that a person gets sick with this ailment? It is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. Type 2 diabetes is often diagnosed in several members of the same family. That is, there is a hereditary aspect.

If there have been cases of illness in your family, it is better to do prevention in advance. It is worth talking about this with an endocrinologist. Take the necessary tests periodically to identify the problem in a timely manner. Also, the likelihood of developing the disease increases with age. The risk gradually increases by age 45, reaching a maximum after age 65.

The following factors greatly increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes:

• overweight, obesity
• hypertension
• frequent consumption of fatty foods
• systematic alcohol intake
• sedentary lifestyle
• elevated blood triglycerides (i.e. fats)

Weight and blood pressure problems are often the result of unhealthy diets and overuse of high-calorie foods. Sedentary work and lack of physical activity lead to a slowdown and disruption of metabolism. All this does not in the best way affect the work and state of the body.

As a result of neglect of the diet, a person can get a lot of ensuing problems, including the development of diabetes. It is advisable to choose healthy natural products and refuse harmful ones in advance for preventive purposes.

With diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to choose foods in a certain way. Food should slow down the absorption of carbohydrates to prevent an increase in blood glucose levels. The selection of the menu is quite strict, because the further course of the disease depends on it.

If a person has type 2 diabetes, the list of prohibited foods will be quite impressive. However, even without this, you can get good nutrition, rich in all the necessary vitamins and minerals.

Vegetables

Eating raw is most beneficial. However, you can also cook by stewing, boiling or baking. The use of those vegetables that can slow down the absorption of carbohydrates is encouraged. These include: cabbage (raw, stewed, sauerkraut), eggplant (stewed or boiled), bell peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, herbs, onions and garlic. An excellent choice is eggplant caviar. Tasty and healthy.

Boiled carrots and beets are eaten in extremely limited quantities. As such, these vegetables raise blood sugar quite quickly. But raw carrots are more beneficial, but only to a minimum.

Meat

Of course, meat should be present in the diet of diabetics. Lean beef and chicken breast should be preferred. Meat can be easily replaced with mushrooms. This product is also recommended for type 2 diabetes. Choose lean fish.

Bread

Bread can and should be included in the menu. Just choose rye or wheat-rye (wheat flour should be 1 or 2 grades).

Cereals and legumes

Cereals are a source of vitamins and fiber. Daily portion - 8-10 tbsp. spoons. You can use buckwheat, pearl barley, rolled oats, millet. Beans, lentils and peas are used boiled and more limited. Wheat and rice should be avoided.

Dairy products, eggs

The ideal option is low-fat dairy products, cottage cheese, milk. Small quantities of cheese (fat content up to 30%). Steamed omelet or hard-boiled eggs are great for breakfast.

Fruits

You should be careful with fruits, many of them are quite sweet. Eat grapefruits, lemons, cranberries. In small quantities - cherries, apples, tangerines, plums.

Beverages

The best drinks: sugar-free compotes, green tea, tomato juice, mineral water. Occasionally you can pamper yourself with natural black coffee.

Vegetable soups are in the first place as a first course. Salads are seasoned with lemon nipple or a little olive oil. You can feast on nuts a little bit.

Diabetics' menu should consist mainly of low-calorie foods. Food is prepared in a certain way. The best solution is steaming. You can use special sweeteners and sweeteners. They are natural and artificial. However, you don't need to overdo it with them either.

What foods are prohibited for type 2 diabetes

If a person has diseases of the pancreas (such as diabetes mellitus), you need to clearly know what you should not eat. Unsuitable food aggravates the situation, provokes a jump in glucose levels.

Foods prohibited in type 2 diabetes are as follows.

Sweet

Of course, the first thing on the “black” list is sugar and products containing it in excess. You should forget about: jam, marmalade, chocolate, ice cream, sweets, halva, caramel, jam and other similar sweets. Adding honey is also not recommended.

Glucose from these products instantly enters the bloodstream. If you really want something sweet, it is better to eat some fruit, wholemeal baked goods or nuts.

Butter baked goods

Fancy bakery products are prohibited - white bread, loaf, rolls, cookies, muffins, fast food items.

Fatty foods digest more slowly than carbohydrate foods. But they are also able to significantly raise blood sugar levels to high levels. Plus, fatty foods contribute to weight gain and obesity.

You should refuse: sour cream, cream, mayonnaise, lard, fatty meat (lamb, pork, duck). Also exclude fatty cheeses, cottage cheese, and sweet yogurt. You should not cook soups with fatty meat and fish broths.

Semi-finished products

In addition to a large amount of fat, semi-finished products contain a lot of harmful flavor enhancers, flavorings and stabilizers. Therefore, do not look in the direction of sausages, sausages, small sausages, ready-made industrial cutlets and fish sticks.

Trans fats

Food rich in trans fats will not benefit only a diabetic, but also a healthy person. These foods include: margarine, spreads (butter substitutes), confectionery fat, popcorn, fries, burgers, hot dogs.

Fruits

Vegetables

Some vegetables should not be eaten either. Better to skip or minimize your consumption of potatoes, beets and carrots.

Beverages

Some drinks are high in sugar and calories. This applies to sweet juices (especially packaged), alcoholic cocktails and soda. Tea should not be sweetened or sugar substitutes should be used. It is better to drink vegetable juices. Beer is also not recommended for consumption.

When cooking, you should not add hot spices and spices, pork, goose or chicken fat. You will also have to give up semolina and pasta. Don't use hot or salty sauces. Marinades and pickles are prohibited. Resist the urge to gobble up pancakes, dumplings, pies, or dumplings.

Nutrition has a huge impact on people with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the very fact of an increase in blood glucose is not so terrible as the consequences. And these are strokes, heart attacks, blurred vision, disorders of the nervous system.

It is important for diabetics to monitor not only the amount of sugar consumed, but also the fat content of foods. You must strictly control your weight and prevent it from gaining. The calorie content of food is largely determined by the method of heat treatment.

Of course, with type 2 diabetes, you should forget about frying in a large amount of oil. It is also worth remembering the portions without making them too bulky.

Follow these cooking rules:

1. It should be borne in mind that even for cooking, vegetables are taken fresh. Do not take frozen and even more canned foods.
2. Soups should be boiled in a second broth. After boiling, the first one must be drained and again filled with water.
3. The best meat for soup is lean beef. You can boil the broth on the bone.
4. Pickles, borscht or bean soup are included in the menu no more than once a week.
5. In order for the dish to have a more attractive taste, vegetables are preliminarily lightly fried in a small amount of butter.

Fresh salads made from raw vegetables are considered the most beneficial for diabetics. This is the most preferred cooking method. Next in terms of usefulness is cooking in water and steam. Roasting is done after boiling or as an independent processing method. Quenching is the least common.

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Power features

As a rule, patients are advised to adhere to table number 9, however, the attending specialist can make an individual correction of the diet, based on the state of compensation for endocrine pathology, the patient's body weight, body characteristics, and the presence of complications.

The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:

• the ratio of "building" material - b / w / y - 60:25:15;
• the daily calorie intake is calculated by the attending physician or nutritionist;
• sugar is excluded from the diet, sweeteners can be used (sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, stevia extract, maple syrup);
• a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals must be supplied, since they are massively excreted due to polyuria;
• the indicators of consumed animal fats are halved;
• reduce fluid intake to 1.5 liters, salt to 6 g;
• frequent fractional meals (having snacks between meals).

Allowed Products

When asked what you can eat on a type 2 diabetes diet, a nutritionist will answer that the emphasis is on vegetables, fruits, dairy and meat products. It is not necessary to completely exclude carbohydrates from the diet, since they perform a number of important functions (construction, energy, reserve, regulatory). You just need to limit the rapidly absorbed monosaccharides and give preference to polysaccharides (substances that have a large amount of fiber in their composition and slowly increase blood glucose).

Bakery and flour products

Permitted products are those in the production of which the premium and first grade wheat flour "did not participate". Its calorie content is 334 kcal, and the GI (glycemic index) is 95, which automatically translates the dish into the section of prohibited foods for diabetes.

• rye flour;
• bran;
• wheat flour of the second grade;
• buckwheat flour (in combination with any of the above).

Unsweetened crackers, crispbreads, biscuits, and uncomfortable pastries are considered allowed products. The group of uncooked baked goods includes those products in the manufacture of which eggs, margarine, and fatty additives are not used.

The simplest dough from which you can make pies, muffins, rolls for diabetics is prepared as follows. You need to dilute 30 g of yeast in warm water. Combine with 1 kg of rye flour, 1.5 tbsp. water, a pinch of salt and 2 tbsp. vegetable fat. Once the dough has “come up” in a warm place, it can be used for baking.

Vegetables

These foods for type 2 diabetes are considered the most "popular" because they have a low calorie content and low GI values ​​(with the exception of some). All green vegetables (zucchini, zucchini, cabbage, lettuce, cucumbers) can be used boiled, stewed, for preparing first courses and side dishes.

Pumpkin, tomatoes, onions, peppers are also desirable foods. They contain a significant amount of antioxidants that bind free radicals, vitamins, pectins, flavonoids. For example, tomatoes contain a significant amount of the substance lycopene, which has an antitumor effect. Onions are able to strengthen the body's defenses, positively affect the work of the heart and blood vessels, removing excess cholesterol from the body.

Cabbage can be used not only stewed, but also sauerkraut. Its main advantage is considered to be a decrease in blood glucose levels.

However, there are vegetables, the use of which must be limited (you do not need to refuse at all):

• carrot;
• potato;
• beet.

Fruits and berries

These are healthy products, but it is not recommended to use them in kilograms. The following are considered safe:

• Cherry;
• cherries;
• grapefruit;
• lemon;
• unsweetened varieties of apples and pears;
• Garnet;
• sea ​​buckthorn;
• gooseberry;
• mango;
• a pineapple.

Experts advise eating no more than 200 g at a time. The composition of fruits and berries contains a significant amount of essential acids for the body, pectins, fiber, ascorbic acid. All these substances are useful for diabetics in that they are able to protect against the development of chronic complications of the underlying disease and slow their progression.

In addition, berries and fruits normalize the work of the intestinal tract, restore and strengthen the defenses, lift the mood, and have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Meat and fish

Preference is given to low-fat varieties, both meat and fish. The amount of meat in the diet is subject to strict dosage (no more than 150 g per day). This will prevent the undesirable development of complications that may arise against the background of endocrine pathology.

If we talk about what you can eat from sausages, then dietary and boiled varieties are preferred. Smoked products are not recommended in this case. By-products are allowed, but in limited quantities.

From fish you can use:

• pollock;
• trout;
• salmon;
• zander;
• perch;
• crucian carp.

Important! The fish must be baked, boiled, stewed. In salted and fried form, it is better to limit or eliminate altogether.

Eggs and dairy products

Eggs are considered a storehouse of vitamins (A, E, C, D) and unsaturated fatty acids. With type 2 diabetes mellitus, no more than 2 pieces per day are allowed, it is advisable to eat only proteins. Quail eggs, although small in size, are superior in their useful properties to a chicken product. They have no cholesterol, which is especially good for sick people, and can be used raw.

Milk is an allowed product containing a significant amount of magnesium, phosphates, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and other macro- and microelements. It is recommended to consume up to 400 ml of medium fat milk per day. It is not recommended to use fresh milk in the diet for type 2 diabetes, as it can provoke a jump in blood sugar.

Kefir, yogurt and cottage cheese should be eaten rationally, controlling carbohydrate levels. Low-fat varieties are preferred.

Cereals

Name of the cereal	GI indicators	Properties
Buckwheat	55	Has a beneficial effect on blood counts, contains a significant amount of fiber and iron
Corn	70	A high-calorie product, but it contains mainly polysaccharides. It has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, improves the sensitivity of cells to insulin, and supports the work of the visual analyzer
Millet	71	Prevents the development of pathology of the heart and blood vessels, removes toxins and excess cholesterol from the body, normalizes blood pressure
Pearl barley	22	Reduces blood sugar, reduces the load on the pancreas, restores the processes of the propagation of excitation along the nerve fibers
Barley	50	Removes excess cholesterol, strengthens the body's defenses, normalizes the digestive tract
Wheat	45	Promotes a decrease in blood glucose levels, stimulates the digestive tract, improves the functioning of the nervous system
Rice	50-70	Brown rice is preferred due to its lower GI. Has a positive effect on the functioning of the nervous system, contains essential amino acids
Oatmeal	40	Has a significant amount of antioxidants in the composition, normalizes liver function, lowers blood cholesterol levels

Important! White rice should be limited in the diet, and semolina should be completely abandoned due to their high GI numbers.

Beverages

When it comes to juices, home-made drinks should be preferred. Store juices contain a large amount of preservatives and sugar in their composition. Shown the use of freshly squeezed drinks from the following products:

• blueberry;
• tomatoes;
• lemon;
• potato;
• Garnet.

Regular use of mineral waters helps to normalize the digestive tract. With type 2 diabetes, you can drink still water. It can be a canteen, a canteen-medical or a medical-mineral one.

Tea, coffee with milk, herbal teas are acceptable drinks if there is no sugar in their composition. As for alcohol, its use is unacceptable, since in the non-insulin-dependent form, the jumps in blood glucose are unpredictable, and alcoholic beverages can cause the development of delayed hypoglycemia and accelerate the onset of complications of the underlying disease.

Menu for the day

Breakfast: cottage cheese with unsweetened apples, tea with milk.

Snack: baked apple or orange.

Lunch: borscht in vegetable broth, fish casserole, apple-cabbage salad, bread, rosehip broth.

Snack: carrot salad with prunes.

Dinner: buckwheat with mushrooms, a slice of bread, a glass of blueberry juice.

Snack: a glass of kefir.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease that has a formidable name, however, compliance with the recommendations of specialists and diet therapy can maintain the patient's quality of life at a high level. What foods to include in the diet is an individual choice for each patient. The attending physician and nutritionist will help to correct the menu, select those dishes that can provide the body with the necessary organic substances, vitamins, and microelements.

diabetiko.ru

Diet

The regimen prescribed by the doctor is primarily aimed at monitoring the state of the liver and glucose. For this reason, it is not allowed to eat foods that cause severity: fatty meat or identical fish.

When compiling individual meals, you need to strictly distribute foods for type 2 diabetes, what can eat freely.
The propensity of the diabetic to various types of allergies is also taken into account.

The drawn up schedule requires responsible adherence. The diet includes eating at least four times in small portions. In between, you can include snacks, but only light ones, without additional stress.

It is advised to cook food thoroughly, no frying. You should try not to miss any of the receptions, this will guarantee the stable functioning of the organs.

If you can't cook or eat a full meal, then you definitely need to fill the gap with a piece of rye bread or unsweetened fruit. The balance will replenish, forces will appear.

Mandatory accompaniment is a large amount of liquid. the minimum mark is indicated by a figure equal to 1.5 liters. water or an approved liquid without sugar.

Key Features

In order to minimize the risk of the appearance of undesirable factors in diabetes, it is required not only to follow a diet in which all permitted products, but also observe clear rules, deviation from which can negatively affect the patient:

If you are planning cutlets, then you do not need to add slices of a loaf dipped in milk, you can replace this with oatmeal flakes.

From vegetables, if you do not want to eat them raw, you can make passes or mashed potatoes, the main thing is not to overdo it with salt and sugar. Each piece eaten must be chewed thoroughly and without haste, this normalizes the work of the gastrointestinal tract.

Products table

Below is a detailed table showing, what can use in the second form of the disease, which is not allowed, and what should be limited.

Group number and its name	Related Products	Some features
First. Fully resolved	Cucumber, lettuce, cranberries, sour apple, asparagus, any cabbage, green onions, lemon	In case of individual intolerance, plus, if there are disorders in the metabolism of uric acid, it is necessary to replace it with similar analogs
Second. There are restrictions	Bread, milk, carrots, pasta, orange, onion, parsley, yoghurt, cherry plum	Control over the amount of food is mandatory, the same applies to energy value.
	Banana, sweet apples, pineapple, melon, all dried fruits, cherries. Some types of sweets: jams, cookies, honey, milk chocolate.	In the absence of insulin injections, these foods should not be eaten.

What foods can you eat

For the second form of diabetes, vegetables and fruits of low GI and medium are allowed.
These are cucumbers with tomatoes, gooseberries, mushrooms not pickled or canned, some legumes.

You can drink weak coffee without the addition of amplifiers, tea of ​​different varieties, as well as water from mineral springs. It is not forbidden to drink "Coca-Cola" and similar drinks with gases only if there are no calories, that is, the type "Light" or "Zero"

All products of the permitted group can be eaten in the amount of up to 700-800 grams per full day. This number does not include calories. If a patient is diagnosed with a disease associated with the formation of stones in the genitourinary system, then you need to paint your menu individually, not based on permission for general situations.

What foods should not be consumed

Passion for bananas, dried fruits, sweet cherries and sweets (this list has a huge number of components) can lead to the fact that when unbearable pain manifests itself, you will definitely not want to eat anymore. Therefore, you need to be as responsible, attentive and demanding as possible to the food you consume.

In addition to fruits and sweets, you should protect yourself from fatty dairy products: cream or sour cream, balyk, smoked sausages such as salami or cervelat. You can not eat canned vegetables or fish with a lot of oil and salt, the same goes for a variety of marinades and sauces.

Mayonnaise is prohibited, and it should be remembered that it is not very useful for a healthy person either. Of the seeds, only pumpkin seeds are preferred, sunflower seeds are too rich in fats.

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Source: diabet5.ru

The pancreas. The main reason for it is overeating and consuming large amounts of fats and carbohydrates. This forces the pancreas to "work to its limit", which is subjected to a "carbohydrate attack". When sugar levels rise after a meal, the gland increases the release of insulin. The disease is based on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: impaired absorption of glucose by tissues and its increased formation from fats and glycogen .

The most common is type 2 diabetes , which develops more often in adults over 40 years of age and in the elderly. The number of patients after 65 is especially increasing. Thus, the prevalence of the disease is 8% at the age of 60 and reaches 23% at 80 years. In older people, decreased physical activity, decreased muscle mass that utilizes glucose, and abdominal obesity exacerbate existing insulin resistance. In old age, glucose metabolism is determined by the sensitivity of tissues to insulin as well as the secretion of this hormone. Insulin resistance is more pronounced in overweight elderly, and reduced secretion is dominant in non-obese individuals, which allows a differentiated approach to treatment. A feature of the disease at this age is asymptomatic until complications appear.

This form of diabetes is more common in women and increases with age. The overall prevalence of the disease among women aged 56-64 is 60-70% higher than among men. And this is due to hormonal disorders - the onset of menopause and the lack of estrogen activates a cascade of reactions and metabolic disorders, which is accompanied by weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and dyslipidemia.

The development of the disease can be represented by the following scheme: overweight - increased insulin resistance - increased sugar levels - increased insulin production - increased insulin resistance. It turns out such a vicious circle, and without knowing it, a person consumes carbohydrates, reduces his physical activity and gets fat every year. Beta cells work for wear and tear, and the body stops responding to the signal that insulin sends.

The symptoms of diabetes are quite typical: dry mouth, constant thirst, urge to urinate, fatigue, fatigue, unexplained weight loss. The most important characteristic of the disease is hyperglycemia - high blood sugar. Another characteristic symptom is the feeling of hunger in diabetes mellitus (polyphagia) and is caused by glucose starvation of cells. Even after having a good breakfast, the patient feels hungry in an hour.

The increased appetite is explained by the fact that glucose, which serves as "fuel" for the tissues, does not enter them. Responsible for the delivery of glucose into cells insulin , which patients either lack, or tissues are not susceptible to it. As a result, glucose does not enter the cells, but enters the bloodstream and accumulates. Cells deprived of nourishment send a signal to the brain, stimulating the hypothalamus, and the person becomes hungry. With frequent attacks of polyphagia, we can talk about labile diabetes, which is characterized by a large amplitude of glucose fluctuations during the day (0, 6 - 3, 4 g / l). He is dangerous by development ketoacidosis and .

At diabetes insipidus e, associated with disorders in the central nervous system, there are similar symptoms (increased thirst, an increase in the amount of urine excreted up to 6 liters, dry skin, weight loss), but there is no main symptom - an increase in blood sugar.

Foreign authors are inclined to believe that the diet of patients receiving substitution therapy should not limit simple carbohydrates. However, domestic medicine retains the same approach to the treatment of this disease. Proper nutrition in diabetes mellitus is a curative factor in the initial stage of the disease, the main point in diabetes with oral hypoglycemic drugs and is necessary for insulin-dependent diabetes.

What kind of diet should patients follow? They are assigned or its variety. This dietary food normalizes carbohydrate metabolism (allows you to reduce blood sugar and stabilize it at a level close to normal, and prevents fat metabolism disorders. The principles of diet therapy of this table are based on a sharp restriction or exclusion of simple carbohydrates and the inclusion of complex carbohydrates up to 300 g per day.

The amount of proteins is within the physiological norm. The amount of carbohydrates is adjusted by the doctor depending on the degree of sugar increase, the patient's weight and concomitant diseases.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops after age 40 and is usually associated with being overweight. One of the most important conditions for effective treatment is self-monitoring, which allows you to maintain normal blood sugar levels. It is a reliable means of preventing diabetic complications. Treatment for type 2 diabetes begins with diet therapy, which manages to normalize weight and control sugar levels.

What should be the diet for type 2 diabetics? Usually, at normal weight, the main one is prescribed with a calorie intake of up to 2500 kcal and an amount of carbohydrates of 275-300 g, which is distributed by the doctor between bread, cereals and vegetables.

Preference is given to products with a minimum glycemic index, a high content of plant fibers and, preferably, uncooked or minimally processed. The main table is indicated for continuous use in type 2 diabetes mild to moderate severity in patients with normal weight.

Nutrition is of great importance in the presence of obesity, since weight loss has a positive effect on the course of the disease. For obesity, varieties are prescribed - reduced diets (with a reduced calorie content) containing 225 g, 150 g or 100 g of carbohydrates per day.

First of all, the 9th diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus excludes the use of easily digestible carbohydrates, which are quickly and easily absorbed (after 15 minutes), sharply increase sugar and do not create a feeling of satiety:

• sugar;
• jams, preserves, preserves;
• confectionery;
• syrups;
• ice cream;
• White bread;
• sweet vegetables and fruits, dried fruits;
• pasta.

Limitation of use is envisaged:

• potatoes as a highly starchy product;
• beets, which have a high glycemic index;
• bread, cereals, corn, pasta and soy products.

For weight loss, the calorie content of the diet is reduced to 1700 kcal by limiting carbohydrates to 120 g per day, with the norm of protein (110 g) and fat (70 g). Fasting days are recommended. In addition to the above recommendations, high-calorie foods are excluded:

• butter (butter and vegetable), sour cream, margarine, mayonnaise, spreads;
• lard, sausages, sausages, small sausages, smoked meats, fatty meat and fish, chicken with skin, canned food in oil;
• fatty cheeses, cottage cheese, cream;
• nuts, seeds, baked goods, mayonnaise, alcoholic beverages.

The consumption of vegetables in the form of side dishes is increasing:

• eggplant;
• cucumbers;
• cauliflower;
• leafy greens;
• red salad peppers (high in vitamins);
• turnip, radish;
• pumpkin, zucchini and squash, which have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

The diet should be varied, but contain fewer calories. This is doable if more high-calorie foods (for example, sausages or sausages) are replaced with an equal amount of boiled lean meat, and the butter in a sandwich is replaced with a cucumber or tomato. Thus, the feeling of hunger is satisfied, and you have consumed fewer calories.

With non-insulin-dependent diabetes, you need to reduce the consumption of foods that contain "hidden fats" (sausages, sausages, nuts, seeds, sausages, cheeses). With these foods, we will quietly get a lot of calories. Since fats are so high in calories, even a tablespoon of vegetable oil added to a salad will nullify your weight loss efforts. 100 g of seeds or nuts contains up to 600 kcal, and we do not count them as food. A slice of high-fat cheese (over 40%) is much more nutritious than a slice of bread.

Since carbohydrates must be present in the diet, you need to include slowly absorbed carbohydrates with a high content of dietary fiber: vegetables, legumes, wholemeal bread, whole grains. You can use sugar substitutes ( xylitol , stevia, fructose, or sorbitol) and count them as total carbohydrates. Xylitol is equal to ordinary sugar in sweetness, so its dose is 30 g. Fructose is enough for 1 tsp. to add to tea. It is worth giving preference to the natural sweetener stevia.

It is very important for patients to know the glycemic index (GI) of all foods. When eating foods with a high GI, hyperglycemia appears, and this causes increased production insulin ... Medium and low GI foods are broken down gradually and cause little to no sugar rise. You need to choose fruits and vegetables with an index of up to 55: apricots, cherry plums, grapefruits, lingonberries, cranberries, peaches, apples, plums, sea buckthorn, red currants, cherries, gooseberries, cucumbers, broccoli, green peas, cauliflower, milk, cashews, almonds , peanuts, soybeans, beans, peas, lentils, lettuce. They are allowed to be consumed in limited quantities (fruits no more than 200 g per serving). It must be remembered that heat treatment increases the GI. Proteins and fats reduce it, so the diet of patients should be mixed.

The basis of nutrition should be vegetables and low-fat foods. A sample diet includes:

• Fresh vegetable salads, boiled or baked vegetables. Try to limit beets and potatoes (you can completely exclude).
• Lean meat and boiled fish, since the calorie content of fried foods increases by 1.3 times.
• Coarse bread, moderate amount of cereals (excluding rice and wheat groats).
• Low-fat dairy products.

Sugar is excluded in case of mild disease, and against the background of insulin therapy for moderate and severe disease, the use of 20-30 g of sugar per day is allowed. Thus, dietary therapy by a physician varies depending on the severity of the disease, weight, work intensity of the patient and age.

Patients are also advised to increase physical activity. Physical activity is mandatory, since it increases the sensitivity of tissues to insulin, reducing insulin resistance, as well as lowering blood pressure and reducing blood atherogenicity. The load regimen is selected individually, taking into account concomitant diseases and the severity of complications. The best option for all ages would be walking for an hour every day or every other day. Proper nutrition and an active lifestyle can help combat increased hunger.

Diet for type 1 diabetes

This form of diabetes is more common at a young age and in children, a feature of which is a sudden onset with acute metabolic disorders ( acidosis , ketosis , dehydration ). It has been established that the occurrence of this type of diabetes is not associated with a nutritional factor, but is caused by the destruction of pancreatic b-cells, which entails an absolute insulin deficiency, impaired glucose utilization, and a decrease in the synthesis of proteins and fats. All patients need lifelong insulin therapy, if the dose is insufficient, ketoacidosis and diabetic coma develop. It is equally important that the disease leads to disability and high mortality due to micro- and macroangiopathic complications.

Eating type 1 diabetes is the same as a normal healthy diet, and the amount of simple carbohydrates is increased. The patient is free to choose the menu, especially with intensive insulin therapy. Now almost all experts believe that you can eat everything except sugar and grapes, but you need to know how much and when you can eat. As a matter of fact, the diet boils down to correctly calculating the amount of carbohydrates in foods. There are several important rules: no more than 7 bread units can be consumed at a time and sweet drinks (tea with sugar, lemonade, sweet juices) are categorically excluded.

The difficulty lies in correctly counting bread units and determining the need for insulin. All carbohydrates are measured in units of bread and their amount taken with food in one meal is summed up. One XE corresponds to 12 g of carbohydrates and is contained in 25 g of bread - hence the name. A special table has been compiled for the units of bread contained in different products and by it you can accurately calculate the amount of carbohydrates consumed.

When drawing up a menu, you can change products without exceeding the amount of carbohydrates prescribed by your doctor. For processing 1 XE, you may need 2-2.5 U of insulin for breakfast, 1.5-2 U for lunch, and 1-1.5 U for dinner. When compiling a diet, it is important not to consume more than 25 XE per day. If you want to eat more, you will need to inject additional insulin. When using short insulin, the amount of XE should be distributed over 3 main and 3 additional meals.

One XE is contained in two tablespoons of any porridge. Three tablespoons of pasta equates to four tablespoons of rice or buckwheat porridge and two pieces of bread, and all contain 2 XE. The more the food is cooked, the faster they are absorbed and the faster the sugar rises. Peas, lentils and beans can be ignored, since 1 XE is contained in 7 tablespoons of these legumes. Vegetables win in this regard: one XE contains 400 g of cucumbers, 350 g of lettuce, 240 g of cauliflower, 210 g of tomatoes, 330 g of fresh mushrooms, 200 g of green pepper, 250 g of spinach, 260 g of sauerkraut, 100 g of carrots and 100 g of beets.

Before you eat sweets, you need to learn how to use an adequate dose of insulin. Those patients who control blood sugar several times a day, are able to count the amount of XE and, accordingly, change the dose of insulin, can allow sweets. It is necessary to monitor the sugar level before and after consuming sugary foods and evaluate the adequate dose of insulin.

Number Diets 9B indicated for patients with a severe form of the disease, receiving large doses of insulin, and it is characterized by an increased carbohydrate content (400-450 g) - more bread, cereals, potatoes, vegetables and fruits are allowed. The amount of protein and fat increases slightly. The diet is close in composition to the general table, 20-30 g of sugar and sugar substitutes are allowed.

If the patient receives insulin in the morning and afternoon, then 70% of the carbohydrates should be in these meals. After the injection of insulin, you need to eat twice - after 15 minutes and after 3 hours, when its maximum effect is noted. Therefore, in insulin-dependent diabetes, fractional nutrition is given great importance: second breakfast and afternoon tea should be done 2.5-3 hours after the main meal and it must necessarily contain carbohydrate foods (porridge, fruits, potatoes, fruit juices, bread, bran biscuits ). With the introduction of insulin in the evening before dinner, you should leave some food overnight to prevent hypoglycemic reactions. The menu for the week for diabetics will be presented below.

Two major studies have convincingly proven the benefits of controlling carbohydrate metabolism in preventing the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. If the sugar level for a long time exceeds the norm, then various complications develop: fatty degeneration of the liver, but the most formidable is diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

Allowed Products

• The basis of the diet is fresh vegetables: cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, eggplants, bell peppers, onions, herbs, mushrooms, lemons, cranberries, sauerkraut, garlic, asparagus beans. Vegetables are used raw or stewed. Rarely you need to choose boiled or baked potatoes in the skin for a side dish. French fries and croquettes are unacceptable because they are cooked with fat.
• Potatoes are allowed with a restriction and most often up to 200 g in all dishes. It is necessary to remember about the high content of carbohydrates in carrots and beets and to include them in the diet is limited. Sometimes you can add rice, legumes, pasta.
• Preference is given to products with a high fiber content (plant fibers reduce the property of starch to increase sugar): bakery products made from wholemeal flour, grain and bran bread. Provided for the use of rye bread and bran up to 200 g per day. However, there is no difference between white and black bread. The same can be said about buckwheat, which is not much different from other cereals.
• The assimilation of starch facilitates grinding, kneading and long-term processing, therefore, its sugar-increasing effect can be reduced if the products are not crushed and boiled. To do this, cook potatoes whole in a peel, and for cereals, choose large-grain cereals, do not overcook them.
• First courses can be prepared with meat or vegetable broth. Preference should be given to vegetable soups, okroshka, mushroom soup. Potatoes in the first courses may be limited.
• Low-fat meats and chicken are allowed. All meat dishes must be cooked boiled or baked, which reduces the calorie content of the dishes. From fish, you need to choose dietary varieties: pike perch, pollock, pike, cod, hake, navaga. Give preference to fish and seafood over meat.
• The amount of cereals is limited by the norm - usually 8-10 tablespoons. It can be buckwheat, pearl barley, barley, whole oatmeal. If you have consumed pasta (occasionally), then you need to reduce the amount of bread. Legumes (lentils) are allowed.
• Low-fat fermented milk drinks, milk and semi-fat cottage cheese should be in the diet every day. Cheese with a fat content of no more than 30% can be consumed in small quantities, low-fat sour cream is added only to dishes. It should be noted that milk also belongs to carbohydrate-containing products (they contain milk sugar), but it does not cause such a pronounced increase in sugar, since the absorption of lactose is inhibited by milk proteins and fats.
• You can eat one eggs a day (3-4 a week) - soft-boiled or in the form of an omelet.
• Various vegetable oils in the amount of 1 tbsp. l. (for the whole day) should be added to ready-made meals.
• Fruits and berries contain simple carbohydrates, but also contain fiber, which inhibits their absorption. They should be eaten raw, not juices, which are absorbed very quickly. The recommended fruit is grapefruit. Apples, oranges, tangerines are used to a limited extent. If you want to make compote, then it is prepared without sugar, you can sweeten it with sorbitol. Sweet fruits should be avoided: grapes, pears, plums, as well as dried fruits.
• Drinks are used unsweetened or with sugar substitutes: coffee with milk, tea, vegetable juices. Herbal teas are useful, for which it is recommended to use blueberry shoots, bean pods, strawberry leaves, nettles, rose hips, hazel leaves, dandelion roots and leaves, or ready-made antidiabetic medicinal preparations.
• You can use sweets, waffles, cookies for diabetics. But in this case, there should be a norm - 1-2 candies once or twice a week.

Approved Products Table

	Proteins, g	Fat, g	Carbohydrates, g	Calories, kcal
Vegetables and greens
zucchini	0,6	0,3	4,6	24
cabbage	1,8	0,1	4,7	27
sauerkraut	1,8	0,1	4,4	19
cauliflower	2,5	0,3	5,4	30
cucumbers	0,8	0,1	2,8	15
radish	1,2	0,1	3,4	19
tomatoes	0,6	0,2	4,2	20
pumpkin	1,3	0,3	7,7	28
Fruits
apricots	0,9	0,1	10,8	41
watermelon	0,6	0,1	5,8	25
Cherry	0,8	0,5	11,3	52
pears	0,4	0,3	10,9	42
nectarine	0,9	0,2	11,8	48
peaches	0,9	0,1	11,3	46
plums	0,8	0,3	9,6	42
apples	0,4	0,4	9,8	47
Berries
cowberry	0,7	0,5	9,6	43
blackberry	2,0	0,0	6,4	31
raspberries	0,8	0,5	8,3	46
currant	1,0	0,4	7,5	43
Cereals and cereals
buckwheat (unground)	12,6	3,3	62,1	313
oat groats	12,3	6,1	59,5	342
corn grits	8,3	1,2	75,0	337
pearl barley	9,3	1,1	73,7	320
millet groats	11,5	3,3	69,3	348
barley grits	10,4	1,3	66,3	324
Bakery products
Rye bread	6,6	1,2	34,2	165
bran bread	7,5	1,3	45,2	227
doctor's bread	8,2	2,6	46,3	242
whole grain crispbread	10,1	2,3	57,1	295
Confectionery
diabetic crackers	10,5	5,7	73,1	388
Raw materials and seasonings
xylitol	0,0	0,0	97,9	367
honey	0,8	0,0	81,5	329
fructose	0,0	0,0	99,8	399
Dairy products
milk	3,2	3,6	4,8	64
kefir	3,4	2,0	4,7	51
sour cream 15% (low fat)	2,6	15,0	3,0	158
curdled milk	2,9	2,5	4,1	53
acidophilus	2,8	3,2	3,8	57
yogurt	4,3	2,0	6,2	60
Cheese and curd
cottage cheese 0.6% (low fat)	18,0	0,6	1,8	88
cottage cheese 1.8% (low fat)	18,0	1,8	3,3	101
cottage cheese 5%	17,2	5,0	1,8	121
Meat products
beef	18,9	19,4	0,0	187
beef tongue	13,6	12,1	0,0	163
veal	19,7	1,2	0,0	90
rabbit	21,0	8,0	0,0	156
Bird
hen	16,0	14,0	0,0	190
Turkey	19,2	0,7	0,0	84
Eggs
chicken eggs	12,7	10,9	0,7	157
Fish and seafood
herring	16,3	10,7	-	161
Oils and fats
butter	0,5	82,5	0,8	748
corn oil	0,0	99,9	0,0	899
olive oil	0,0	99,8	0,0	898
sunflower oil	0,0	99,9	0,0	899
Non-alcoholic drinks
mineral water	0,0	0,0	0,0	-
coffee	0,2	0,0	0,3	2
instant chicory	0,1	0,0	2,8	11
black tea without sugar	0,1	0,0	0,0	-
Juices and compotes
carrot juice	1,1	0,1	6,4	28
plum juice	0,8	0,0	9,6	39
tomato juice	1,1	0,2	3,8	21
pumpkin juice	0,0	0,0	9,0	38
rosehip juice	0,1	0,0	17,6	70
Apple juice	0,4	0,4	9,8	42

Fully or partially limited products

• Excludes baked goods, sweet desserts, honey, confectionery, preserves and jams (you can xylite ), sugar, ice cream, curd mass, sweet curd cheeses, sweet juices, sweet drinks, beer.
• Flour products (dumplings, dumplings, pancakes, pies).
• Sweet fruits and dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, bananas, dates, figs, grapes, pineapple, persimmon, apricot, melon.
• Semolina and pasta.
• Do not use fatty broths and fatty meats, fatty sauces, smoked meats, bacon, ham, sausages and cream. Liver, egg yolks, honey are restricted.
• It is better to give up fried foods, eating spicy and too salty foods, hot sauces.

Limit:

• Potatoes, wheat grits, white rice.
• Beets and carrots.
• The consumption of fats, even vegetable fats, is reduced as much as possible.

Prohibited Products Table

	Proteins, g	Fat, g	Carbohydrates, g	Calories, kcal
Vegetables and greens
beet	1,5	0,1	8,8	40
horseradish	3,2	0,4	10,5	56
Fruits
apricots	0,9	0,1	10,8	41
pineapple	0,4	0,2	10,6	49
bananas	1,5	0,2	21,8	95
melon	0,6	0,3	7,4	33
mango	0,5	0,3	11,5	67
Berries
grape	0,6	0,2	16,8	65
Nuts and dried fruits
raisin	2,9	0,6	66,0	264
dried figs	3,1	0,8	57,9	257
dates	2,5	0,5	69,2	274
Cereals and cereals
semolina	10,3	1,0	73,3	328
rice	6,7	0,7	78,9	344
sago	1,0	0,7	85,0	350
Flour and pasta
pasta	10,4	1,1	69,7	337
noodles	12,0	3,7	60,1	322
Bakery products
wheat bread	8,1	1,0	48,8	242
Confectionery
jam	0,3	0,2	63,0	263
candies	4,3	19,8	67,5	453
pastry cream	0,2	26,0	16,5	300
Ice cream
ice cream	3,7	6,9	22,1	189
Chocolate
chocolate	5,4	35,3	56,5	544
Raw materials and seasonings
mustard	5,7	6,4	22,0	162
mayonnaise	2,4	67,0	3,9	627
sugar	0,0	0,0	99,7	398
Dairy products
baked milk	3,0	6,0	4,7	84
cream	2,8	20,0	3,7	205
sour cream 25% (classic)	2,6	25,0	2,5	248
sour cream 30%	2,4	30,0	3,1	294
fermented baked milk 6%	5,0	6,0	4,1	84
ayran (tan)	1,1	1,5	1,4	24
fruit yoghurt 3.2%	5,0	3,2	8,5	85
Cheese and curd
glazed cheese	8,5	27,8	32,0	407
curd	7,1	23,0	27,5	341
Meat products
Salo	2,4	89,0	0,0	797
Bird
smoked chicken	27,5	8,2	0,0	184
smoked duck	19,0	28,4	0,0	337
Fish and seafood
smoked fish	26,8	9,9	0,0	196
canned fish	17,5	2,0	0,0	88
sardine in oil	24,1	13,9	-	221
cod (liver in oil)	4,2	65,7	1,2	613
Oils and fats
animal fat	0,0	99,7	0,0	897
cooking fat	0,0	99,7	0,0	897
Non-alcoholic drinks
lemonade	0,0	0,0	6,4	26
pepsi	0,0	0,0	8,7	38
Juices and compotes
grape juice	0,3	0,0	14,0	54
* data are indicated for 100 g of product

Menu (Power Mode)

The diet should include up to 60% carbohydrates, 25% fat, and 25% protein. In the diet for diabetics, the amount of carbohydrates should be evenly distributed, which is determined by the doctor for each patient individually. The daily menu needs to be adjusted taking into account the allowed amount of carbohydrates and calories, which must be counted daily.

The diet includes 5-6 meals, small in volume. This is due to the fact that the hypoglycemic drugs work for 24 hours, and in order to avoid hypoglycemia , you need to eat often and better at the same hours.

An indicative diet for every day may include: bread - 150 g, cereals - 50 g, potatoes - 70 g, other vegetables 550 g, meat - 110-130 g, eggs -1-2 pcs., Milk and sour milk drinks 400-500 g, apples - 200 g, butter - 10 g, cottage cheese - 150 g, vegetable oil - 2 g, sour cream - 10 g, xylitol - 30 g. One serving of soup - 0.25 l.

Below is a menu of generally accepted dietary recommendations. When composing a menu for the week for yourself, try to diversify it and include your favorite vegetables and fruits, meat and fish dishes, the allowed amount of sugar substitutes in jelly, drinks and casseroles. The menu for type 1 diabetes may look like this:

Recipes

Diet meals should be low in calories and foods such as mushrooms, leafy greens, cabbage, cucumbers, radishes, lemons, grapefruits, bell peppers, eggplant, onions and garlic have almost no effect on sugar levels. Therefore, they can be included in nutritional recipes when diabetes mellitus 2 type. Vegetables can be used to make puddings, cutlets, casseroles, cabbage rolls, cucumbers, tomatoes and zucchini can be stuffed with meat, eggs, spinach.

Given that many have concomitant gastrointestinal diseases, the best way to prepare meals for patients is to steam, boil or bake. Since the dishes should be less high-calorie, frying and baking with oil is completely excluded. The taste of unsalted food can be improved with various spices: dill, cumin, marjoram, thyme, basil, onion, garlic, lemon juice.

First meal

Borsch with prunes and mushrooms

Mushroom broth, tomato paste, mushrooms, beets, cabbage, carrots, roots, onions, potatoes, herbs, prunes, salt.

The dried mushrooms are washed and left to swell for 3 hours, then boiled until tender. The broth is filtered and used to make borscht. Potatoes and white roots are dipped into the broth. Beets, carrots, onions are sautéed with tomato paste and added to potatoes. 5 minutes before readiness, shredded cabbage and chopped mushrooms are introduced, salted. Boiled prunes, sour cream and herbs are added to the plate separately.

Mixed vegetable soup

Broth, onions, carrots, vegetable oil, different types of cabbage, potatoes, bell peppers, green beans, greens.

First, lower the potatoes into the boiling broth, add carrots, cabbage and green beans after 10 minutes. In a frying pan with butter, simmer the onion and send it to the vegetables, bring to readiness. Sprinkle the prepared soup with herbs.

Stewed cabbage with apples

Vegetable oil, onions, peeled apples, cabbage, 1 tbsp. lemon juice, salt, pepper.

Heat vegetable oil in a saucepan. Add onion, chopped cabbage and apples. Simmer until tender, add salt and pepper at the end and add lemon juice.

Hake baked in sour cream

Hake, vegetable oil, onion, sour cream, salt, herbs.

Cut the fish into portions and place on a baking sheet. Top with onion rings, salt and pepper, sprinkle with oil and brush with a little sour cream. Bake for 20 minutes. Serve with salad and tomatoes.

desserts

Cottage cheese and pumpkin casserole

Pumpkin, cottage cheese, egg, sour cream, semolina, xylitol, butter.

Prepare the pumpkin by cutting it into cubes. Combine cottage cheese, butter, sour cream, egg, xylitol and semolina. Then add the pumpkin. Put the curd-pumpkin mass in a mold and bake in the oven.

During pregnancy and lactation

Separately highlighted gestational diabetes showing up during pregnancy. It does not develop in all pregnant women, but only in those who have a genetic predisposition. It is caused by a decreased sensitivity of tissues to insulin (the so-called insulin resistance) and it is associated with a high content of hormones. Some ( , lactogen ,) have a blocking effect on insulin - this "counter-insulin" effect appears at 20-24 weeks of pregnancy.

After delivery, carbohydrate metabolism is most often normalized. However, there is a risk of diabetes. Hyperglycemia is dangerous for mother and child: the possibility of miscarriage, complications in childbirth, pyelonephritis in a woman, fundus complications, so a woman will have to strictly monitor her diet.

• Simple carbohydrates are excluded and complex carbohydrates are limited. It is necessary to exclude sugary drinks, sweets, pastries, cakes, white bread, bananas, grapes, dried fruits, sweet juices. Eat foods high in fiber (vegetables, unsweetened fruits, bran), which slows down the flow of glucose into the bloodstream.
• In small quantities, a woman's diet should contain pasta and potatoes.
• Fatty and fried foods are excluded, it is recommended to abandon semi-finished products, sausages, smoked meats.
• You need to eat every two hours (3 main meals and 2 additional). After dinner, if there is a feeling of hunger, you can drink 150 g of kefir or eat a small apple.
• Steam food, can be stewed or baked.
• Drink up to 1.5 liters of liquid.
• During the day, measure your sugar level after meals.

Compliance with these recommendations is also necessary after childbirth within 2-3 months. After that, blood sugar should be examined and an endocrinologist should be consulted. If, after childbirth, fasting sugar is still high, then diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, which was latent, and appeared for the first time during pregnancy.

In medicine, there are a number of acquired chronic diseases in which a person's body needs constant, multifaceted support, consisting in specific treatment, adherence to diets, and changes in lifestyle in general. One of the most dangerous diseases of this nature is diabetes mellitus, which has several stages of development.

Diabetes of the second type is an unpleasant and rather severe form of the pathological process, however, it can be resisted. To do this, you need to have an idea of ​​the disease itself, you need a special diet and treatment for type 2 diabetes, which you will have to adhere to throughout your life.

Overview of Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases of the endocrine system, in which there is a constant pathological process in the rocky, caught by an increase in glucose content.

If we talk about type 1 diabetes mellitus, this feature is that the pancreas completely stops producing insulin. As for type 2 diabetes, we are talking about the lack of the mentioned hormone to some extent. As a result, there is a gradual immunity of cells to the absorption of sugar, glucose is not absorbed in full.

Excessive amounts of glucose do not disappear anywhere, they remain in the body, due to which the crystallization of the inner shells of blood vessels and even nerve tissues occurs, because of this, the development of pathological processes in the vessels and organs is observed, all sorts of complications begin.

Subsequently, the pancreas is depleted, ceases to perform its functions, in order to reduce the glucose content in the body, special medications, insulin injections are needed.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

As practice shows, type 2 diabetes mellitus manifests itself sluggishly, in some cases the symptoms are very difficult to recognize. This type of disease often develops in people over 40, especially those who suffer from certain forms of obesity, eat improperly, suffer from high blood pressure, or have a hereditary predisposition to the development of diabetic pathologies.

If you still highlight the characteristic symptoms, they can be as follows:

• Frequent, profuse urination;
• Increased dry mouth, often thirsty;
• Poor tissue regeneration (even ordinary scratches take a long time to heal);
• Systematic fatigue, lethargy, weakness;
• Skin irritation or itching.

If you often encounter at least one of these symptoms, you should donate blood for analysis, because this is the only way to accurately establish the presence and development of type 2 diabetes.

It is very important to diagnose the disease as soon as possible, because with type 2 diabetes mellitus, serious complications develop, including:

• Cardiac and vascular pathologies;
• Diseases of the kidneys and urinary system;
• Weakening of regenerative abilities;
• Deterioration of vision;
• There is even a risk of developing impotence.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

The diet and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus may differ slightly depending on the age of the patient, how much the pathological process affects his health, whether there are any concomitant diseases, etc.

But despite this, nutritional adjustments should be carried out without fail, which should be consulted in detail with your doctor. At the same time, the single rule for all diabetic is a low-carbohydrate diet, that is, the diet should include foods containing a minimum of carbohydrates, at the same time, it is important to consume as little glucose as possible in order to reduce its concentration in the body.

Of course, there are also narrower rules:

When it comes to the initial stages of the disease, the strictest diet and the correct diet allows you to do without medication at all. Thus, it is possible to keep the development of the pathological process under control, to prevent the disease from progressing.

Keeping in mind that in this case we are talking about insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas and excessive levels of glucose in the blood, it is important to adjust your diet. It is also necessary to understand that the rules of nutrition will have to be adhered to throughout your life, that is, certain dishes and products become not just an integral part of the daily diet, it consists of them entirely.

To better understand what foods are allowed or even preferred for type 2 diabetes, consider a list of directions. But before that there is one more recommendation - it is better to steam food, bake, boil, stew or eat in its natural form (the latter applies mainly to vegetables and fruits).

1. Low-fat or dietary meats, among which are chicken, rabbit, turkey, beef;
2. Dairy and fermented milk products with low fat content are allowed, that is, milk kefir, yoghurts, cottage cheese and everything else should be no fatter than 1%;
3. Low-fat varieties of fish, both river and oceanic, are well suited for food;
4. Part of the diet should be fruit, but in moderation. Only grapes and bananas should be avoided;
5. The lion's share of nutrition is based on the consumption of vegetables, literally whatever. They can be cooked or eaten raw, fresh, with particular emphasis on greens;
6. Many do not imagine how you can eat without bread. This question is especially important, since only bran and whole grains of this flour product are welcome;
7. Cereals and cereals (rice, wheat, millet, buckwheat, pearl barley, etc.) will also not harm your health. Doctors say that pasta can also be consumed, but infrequently, in moderation.

As you can see, the list of permitted foods for type 2 diabetes is quite extensive and if you show imagination, you will not starve or feel dissatisfied. This standard of treatment is irreplaceable and treats nutrition that is necessary with the utmost seriousness, not giving yourself any indulgences for a single day.

In addition to instructions on what you can and should eat, you should also mention those foods that should be completely abandoned. So you can more confidently adhere to the rules of nutrition and you will not have a desire to break it or harm yourself out of ignorance.

The following food should be removed from your menu:

1. The list is headed by all kinds of sweets, because they contain a huge amount of easily digestible carbohydrates. We are talking about sweets, pastries, cakes, buns, halva and so on, the list goes on for a long time;
2. Considering the above, it is quite logical that fried, smoked, salty, sour and spicy dishes are contraindicated;
3. It is necessary to exclude the use of pork, as well as fatty types of beef and fish, the same applies to all kinds of sausage products;
4. Fatty dairy products (butter, cream, cheese, etc.) are prohibited;
5. Fruit juices (especially unnatural ones), sugary drinks, coffee and tea with sugar, and honey are no longer desirable.

Daily diet

In order to understand what the daily diet of a person with type 2 diabetes should look like, it is worth considering simple and at the same time useful recipes for a low-carb diet, and for an illustrative example, consider 6 meals in order:

1. Breakfasts are always distinguished by their lightness, the body is just waking up and after a few hours you will be able to eat again. For this reason, a cup of not too strong coffee, oatmeal (you can use skim milk) and a slice of bran bread will be enough.
2. As soon as the feeling of hunger began to clearly make itself felt, the ideal solution would be to have a snack with fruit and wash it all down with an unsweetened low-fat herd;
3. The third meal should be made richer, it can consist of a light soup, a second course of fish or the previously described types of meat with porridge, a vegetable salad and a couple of a slice of bran bread. You can drink your meal with tea or unsweetened compote.
4. The fourth meal in terms of its saturation may coincide with the second, let it be cottage cheese and a juicy apple.
5. The evening meal includes a main course (stew, fish, meat, etc.) with bread, salad and weak tea.
6. If you are full of dinner, but shortly before you want to eat again, prepare a light fruit dessert with berries and low-fat sour cream.

Of course, there can be as many variations as you like, it all depends on your imagination, but the approximate direction should be clear. In addition, it is better to prepare the diet for the week in advance, so it will be easier to adhere to the nutritional rules.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

In addition to adhering to a diet, it is often necessary to resort to the help of traditional medicine, especially in cases where the disease progresses. First of all, in such situations, it is necessary to consult a doctor and pass a number of tests, because only on the basis of the diagnostic data obtained, the most correct direction of treatment is built.

The treatment itself for type 2 diabetes should be comprehensive:

• Compulsory adherence to diet and nutritional adjustments;
• Physical activity, because as practice shows, most often type 2 diabetes is found in obese people and even the loss of 2-3 kilograms gives tangible results;
• Medication.

The basis of the methods of dealing with the discussed pathological process is therapy aimed at lowering blood glucose, as well as normalizing or stimulating the work of the pancreas, namely, the production of insulin.

Each drug should be prescribed only by the attending endocrinologist, self-medication in such cases is impossible and extremely dangerous. In addition, initially only one specific agent is used to fight the disease, but in most cases the therapy becomes more and more extensive, and there are more medications.

In 8 out of 10 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the doctor prescribes medication in the form of tablets, which must be taken orally. Let's look at what these pills are:

• Diabetone and its analogs, which enhance the production of insulin. They must be taken in strict accordance with the doctor's prescriptions, their abuse affects the function of the adrenal glands, and allergic reactions can also occur;
• Metformin lowers blood sugar levels, and is also prescribed to patients with certain forms of obesity. Thanks to this agent, sugar is better absorbed in muscle tissues;
• Glucobay and the like can slow the rise in glucose levels;
• Thiazolidino and analogues of this drug make insulin receptors more active, which also has a beneficial effect on the normalization of glucose levels.

As mentioned earlier, initially only one drug from the list is used, which the doctor prescribes. Then the treatment becomes combined, with the addition of one, two or more agents.

There are also cases when insulin cannot be dispensed with and the specialist decides on intravenous injections of this drug.

Traditional medicine can help as an adjunct to type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, alternative methods are not a substitute for basic therapy, they only improve some indicators and keep the disease in check.

Consider the most common and safe folk methods of providing assistance with folk remedies to the elderly and young people:

• Linden (linden blossom) is considered one of the best remedies. 2-3 pinches of this plant are brewed in a bowl of 300-400 milliliters, after which they are allowed to brew and consumed without adding sugar instead of tea. You can take one cup 1-2 cups daily.
• To prepare another effective "medicine" you need garlic and the roots of ordinary garden parsley (300 grams each), 100 grams of lemon zest. The first two ingredients are ground in a meat grinder or in a blender, then the zest is added to them and everything is thoroughly mixed. The resulting mixture is sent to an opaque glass container and placed in the refrigerator for two weeks, then 5 grams is used twice a day.
• Potato juice contributes to the normalization of processes in the body. It is recommended to drink 70-100 milliliters of this product daily, for which you need to grate a few raw potatoes on a grater and squeeze out the resulting gruel, you need to take breaks in the course of such treatment.
• You can also make a decoction of bay leaves. To do this, 10-12 leaves are poured with 300 milliliters of boiling water and infused for a day in a thermos under a closed lid. The resulting product is filtered and drunk 50 ml 20-30 minutes before meals for 20 days.

It is very important to always remember that before using each of the proposed methods, it is necessary to consult with the attending physician, who can adjust the course of traditional medicine, and, if necessary, make appropriate changes to the main treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus type 2: diet and treatment - all the details on the site

Starting with an increase in blood glucose concentration, diabetes acquires a detailed picture of the disease, in which pathological changes affect almost all organs. With diabetes mellitus, the metabolism of the most important energy substrate for the cells of the body - glucose (or sugar) - suffers.

A person gets this substance from food. Then the blood delivers it to the cells. The main consumers of glucose are the brain, liver, adipose tissue, and muscles. To enter cells, glucose needs insulin, a hormone.

The exception to this rule is the neurons in the brain. In them, sugar enters without the participation of this hormone through special transport channels.

According to ICD-10, type 2 diabetes mellitus belongs to the 4th class - diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders. The disease is encoded with the E11 code.

Insulin is produced by special cells in the pancreas (endocrine beta cells). When there is an absolute decrease in insulin, i.e. it is not synthesized at all.

Type 2 is characterized by a relative lack of this hormone. This means that at the onset of the disease, beta cells can produce a normal (even increased) amount of insulin, but then their compensatory reserve decreases.

Therefore, the work of "pumping" sugar into the cell is not performed in full. Excess sugar remains in the blood. And since the body does not provide for anything "superfluous" in the metabolism, excess glucose begins to "sugar" protein structures, such as the inner lining of blood vessels and nervous tissue, which has a bad effect on their functioning.

This "sugar" (or scientifically - glycation) is the main factor.

Type 2 diabetes is based on impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin. Even at its high level, observed at the onset of the disease, hyperglycemia is observed. As a rule, this is due to defects in cell receptors. Usually this condition is observed with obesity or genetic defects.

Over time, there is a functional depletion of the pancreas, which cannot produce hormones for a long time. At this stage, type 2 diabetes becomes the insulin-required subtype, i.e. It is no longer possible to lower glucose levels with pills. In these cases, regular administration of insulin is required as a medication.

Causes of occurrence

Diabetes is a disease with a complex pathogenesis (the mechanism of the formation of a pathological process). The reason for the "poor performance" of insulin, as stated above, is not the hormone itself, but the poor insulin sensitivity of the cells. This condition is called insulin resistance.

It is characterized by the presence of insulin, but glucose-consuming cells do not respond to it or respond unpredictably and insufficiently.

obesity

Obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus creates conditions when the usual amount of insulin is simply not enough to "service" all the fat cells. In addition, adipocytes (fat cells) independently synthesize counterinsular factors, which further increase the glucose level in the blood.

Another pathogenetic factor of increased blood sugar in type II disease is a lack of insulin production immediately after a meal. This leads to a critical increase in glucose, which damages blood vessels.

In the future, hyperglycemia is observed even without connection with food. All this creates the prerequisites for the gradual extinction of the functional activity of beta cells. As a result, the level of insulin drops sharply to the point of complete absence, when insulin demand appears.

Modern medicine identifies the factors of diabetic risk:

• over 40 years of age;
• obesity;
• overeating carbohydrates and fats, especially of animal origin;
• diabetes in relatives, in the presence of which the risk of getting sick is 40%. However, diabetes is not a genetic disorder. He has only a genetic predisposition, which is realized only in the presence of certain external factors, for example, an excess of carbohydrates in the diet;
• low physical activity, because muscle contractions normally stimulate the flow of glucose into the cell and its non-insulin-dependent breakdown;
• pregnancy. Women may develop gestational diabetes, which after childbirth may disappear on its own or become a chronic disease;
• psycho-emotional stress. This condition is accompanied by an increased formation of counterinsular hormones (adrenaline, norepinephrine, corticosteroids), which increase the glucose level in the blood.

At the current level of development of medicine, type 2 diabetes is considered not as a hereditary disease, but as a “lifestyle disease”. Even in the presence of burdened heredity, this carbohydrate disorder will not develop if a person:

• limited the use of sweets and other easily digestible carbohydrates;
• monitors his weight, avoiding its excess;
• exercise regularly;
• excludes overeating.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

The symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus are nonspecific. Their appearance, as a rule, is not noticed, because the person does not experience significant discomfort in health.

However, knowing them, you can consult a doctor in a timely manner and determine the glucose concentration in the blood. This will be the key to successfully compensating for diabetes and reducing the risk of complications.

The main manifestations of this pathology are:

1. An increase in the amount of urine that makes a person go to the toilet even at night.
2. Desire to drink plenty of water all the time.
3. Dry mouth.
4. Feeling of itching of the mucous membranes (vagina, urethra).
5. Increased appetite associated with impaired leptin synthesis.

Poor wound healing ability, furunculosis (pustules on the skin), fungal infections, impotence are frequent and important indicators of diabetes. The disease can also be detected for the first time only when admitted to the hospital for a heart attack or stroke. This indicates the development of severe complications.

Classic symptoms appear only when the glucose level rises above the renal threshold (10 mmol / L), i.e. at this level, sugar appears in the urine. Excess of glucose standard values, but less than 10 mmol / L of blood, as a rule, is not felt by a person.

Therefore, accidental diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is very common.

It should be borne in mind that glycation of proteins begins immediately when the glucose level exceeds the norm. Therefore, early detection of diabetes will avoid severe complications associated with the deposition of glycated proteins in the vascular wall.

Sugar rate before and after meals

In type 2 diabetes, the rate of blood sugar before and after meals is different. These indicators should be determined in the morning on an empty stomach and after a 2-hour interval after meals, respectively.

Interpretation of the result depends on the type of test material and meal time:

1. On an empty stomach - 5.5 mmol / l or less in the blood from the finger (whole blood).
2. On an empty stomach - 6.1 mmol / l or less in capillary or venous plasma (the material is obtained in the laboratory by vein puncture or finger scarification).
3. After a 2-hour interval after eating (with any measurement) - 7.8 mmol / L or less, not higher.

Modern treatment of diabetes mellitus 2 affects different links of the pathological process. It is used as an independent intake of a hypoglycemic drug, and in combination. The most optimal choice is determined individually by the endocrinologist.

Medicines treating type 2 diabetes mellitus:

1. Biguanides(active ingredient metformin, drugs: Siofor, Glucophage). They reduce insulin resistance, the production of glucose by the liver, increase its utilization, reduce the absorption of excess sugar in the gastrointestinal tract, and also reduce body weight, fighting obesity.

Recently, one more positive property of these drugs has been revealed - they are able to slow down the aging process, which appears ahead of time in patients with diabetes. This effect is manifested not only in diabetics, but also in healthy people.

2. Thiosolidinediones(glitazones - pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) - effectively reduce insulin resistance, reduce the production of glucose by the liver, increase its absorption by cells, improve the lipid profile (reduce the amount of triglycerides and fatty acids).

Drugs in this group are preferred in case of high blood cholesterol levels.

3. Derivatives of sulfonylureas(glibenclamide (Maninil), glimepiride (Amaryl), gliclazide (Dibeton), glyquidone (Glurenorm). Means that increase the synthesis of insulin by the pancreas.

Rationally combine with drugs from the biguanide group, which reduce insulin resistance.

4. Glinides(nateglinide, repaglinide) or prandial regulators are ultra-short and fast-acting drugs aimed at restoring insulin secretion immediately after a meal, eliminate the violation of the early phase of the secretion of this hormone.

Use when there is a postprandial form of hyperglycemia.

5. Incretin-mimetics(Exenatid: Byetta). This is a new class of drugs for diabetics. They enhance the action of incretins - hormones of the gastrointestinal tract, which affect the normal secretion of insulin, suppress the sugar-increasing effect of glucagon (the hormone is produced in the liver).

Additional beneficial effects include slowing the passage of food through the intestines, helping to reduce glucose absorption and reduce weight.

6. DPP-IV inhibitor (sitagliptin)... The action of this drug is similar to the previous one. It is associated with incretins, the level of which rises. This has a positive effect on hyperglycemia.

7. Inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase(the only representative is acarbose), which act exclusively in the lumen of the digestive tract. They slow down the absorption of glucose without affecting insulin secretion.

Preventive use of acarbose reduces the risk of disease by 37% (data from the Stopp NIDDM study).

8. Combined drugs contain active substances of different groups in one tablet or capsule, for example, metformin glibenclamide (Glibomet, Glukovans), which makes the treatment more convenient and acceptable for the patient.

With an absolute lack of the hormone, which develops over time, subcutaneous injections of insulin are used (insulin-required option). Treatment with this hormone begins with a combination of tablets and extended (medium) action insulin. In the future, a complete transition to hormone therapy is possible.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

As a lifestyle disease, type 2 diabetes can be effectively treated with diet, especially initially. Weight loss allows you to achieve a decrease in insulin resistance and the elimination of relative insulin deficiency caused by obesity.

The essence of the diabetes diet is to slow down the flow of sugar from the intestines to the bloodstream as much as possible. This will avoid a sharp rise in blood glucose levels immediately after eating. Therefore, all fast-digesting carbohydrates are excluded from the diet (they always have a sweet taste).

The replenishment of the body with energy reserves should occur as a result of the metabolism of complex carbohydrates, long molecules of which cannot be immediately absorbed into the bloodstream and require longer digestion.

Also in the diet, it is important to limit the use of any fats and oils. Therefore, animal fats are excluded and unrefined oils are preferred in limited quantities.

Diabetes mellitus type 2: what can and cannot be eaten (table)?

Recommended (green)	Limited (yellow)	Excluded (red)
All types of vegetables (especially dark leafy greens), fresh and cooked Lean meat (chicken, beef, turkey, rabbit) Dairy products 0-1% fat Fat-free cottage cheese Lean fish Whole grain, bran bread (in moderation) Whole fruits, berries (except bananas and grapes) in moderation All types of cereals, cereals, pasta (use in moderation) Food preparation: fresh, boiled, steamed and stews	Fatty fish Dairy products with medium fat content 1-3% Dried fruits Sweeteners (xylitol, sorbitol)	Anything that tastes sweet from sugar Refined flour products Fatty meat (pork, lamb) Dairy products with fat content above 3.5% Cottage cheese with a fat content of more than 5% Sugary drinks Alcohol Honey, jam Grapes, bananas (low in fiber) Sweet juices

The "Traffic Light Principle" described in the table has replaced the more difficult diet for the patient in everyday life, the well-known diet No. 9. However, in inpatient treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the diet "table number 9" is used quite actively. The principles of this diet are similar to the traffic light.

Physical activity is an important component of treatment. Exercise and walking can lower blood sugar for therapeutic benefits. This allows you to reduce the dose of the antihyperglycemic drug.

Complications

Late complications are due to glycation of protein structures. The latter damage vessels of various diameters, incl. and microvasculature. Late complications are:

• diabetic polyneuropathy (damage to nerve endings);
• diabetic angiopathy (atherosclerotic vascular disease);
• diabetic retinopathy (retinal disease);
• diabetic nephropathy (violation of kidney structures);

Acute complications are various types of lumps. They are based on a sharp fluctuation in metabolites (glucose, ketone bodies). The most common acute complication is a sharp drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia and the corresponding type of coma).

Elderly patients may develop hyperosmolar coma, which is caused by electrolyte disturbances during dehydration.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is rare in type 2 diabetes.

• More details.

Types of sweeteners

It is difficult for a person to imagine his life without sweets. Therefore, sweeteners have been developed for people who suffer from type 1 diabetes. Some of them are inherently similar to sugar, but do not lead to a sharp increase in glycemia. They need to be consumed in moderation, in small portions. These products are discussed in the table:

There are certain tricks for those who want to eat real sweets:

• use them cold;
• after eating;
• eat no more than 50 g of sugar;
• they should contain proteins, slow carbohydrates (berries, ice cream, protein cream).

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Sugar level

People with type 2 diabetes should eat a more benign diet. Doctors do not always prescribe medication for them. In order to maintain a healthy weight, patients must control their calorie intake. So in one day it is necessary that no more than 1800 kcal gets into the body. About half of all calories should come from carbohydrate foods. Before starting a type 2 diabetes diet, you need to calculate the number of calories consumed per meal.

It is important to take into account the initial weight of the patient. In order to calculate calories, it is recommended to use the calorie table

The diet of a patient with type 2 diabetes should be divided into 6 meals. The portions do not have to be large. If possible, avoid fatty foods or limit your intake to 40 grams per day. It is strictly forbidden to eat foods that contain complex carbohydrates and fats. These primarily include confectionery, chocolate, ice cream. The type 2 diabetes diet is not strict. But at the same time, you must understand that it is better to give up smoked, fried and spicy foods. These foods can increase your appetite. If you eat bread, choose only one that is classified as dietary or whole grains. Be careful about including broth-based soups on your menu. Don't eat them more than 2 times a week. When only side dishes in the form of cereals or pasta are included in the daily diet, bread cannot be eaten with them. Every day patients with diabetes should eat at least 150 g of boiled fish or 100 g of meat. In no case should you refuse fresh vegetables and fruits during the diet. In one day with type 2 diabetes, it is allowed to eat up to 200 g of vegetables and 300 g of unsweetened fruits. It is vegetables and fruits that will help normalize blood glucose levels. It is recommended to make salads from vegetables. Stewed vegetables seasoned with vegetable oil will also be beneficial. If we talk about dairy products, then their quantity should be calculated by a doctor. Only he will be able to correctly formulate an individual diet, taking into account all the features of the course of diabetes mellitus. Often, patients with type 2 diabetes are advised to include low-fat cottage cheese, milk and kefir in their diet. The restrictions apply only to heavy cream and sour cream. Alcohol and soda are completely banned in type 2 diabetes. It will be better if the patient replaces them with unsweetened coffee or tea. Instead of sugar, you need to use sweeteners designed specifically for patients with diabetes mellitus.

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Diet for insulin-dependent diabetes in children

Diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence is much more difficult to carry than in adults. A child's genetic predisposition, stress and poor nutrition are the main causes of the development of autoimmune disease.

In 80% of cases, children are diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1). Early diagnosis, immediate treatment and strict adherence to a special diet will help to "stop" the consequences of the disease.

Diet for diabetes in children

Exclude from the menu sugar, sweet soda water, confectionery, bakery products made from wheat flour, fried foods, baked goods.
Enrich your daily menu with unsweetened fruits, vegetables and herbs (unlimited). Banned - grapes, bananas, raisins, dates, persimmons, figs.
Use natural sugar substitutes - fructose, sorbitol, xylitol.
Distribute the daily food intake into 6 meals

At the same time, it is important to eat food at regular intervals. Permissible deviations in the child's nutritional schedule are 15–20 minutes.
You should eat food after 15 minutes.

after the introduction of insulin and 2 hours after the injection.
If you are unable to eat at the set time, you can eat bread, pear, nuts, cheese sandwich or apple as a snack. In no case should you starve.
Immediate intake of a slice of chocolate will help to "stop" attacks of hypoglycemia. Therefore, an adult accompanying a child should always have a sweet product available.
Enrich the child's daily diet with fermented milk products.
Calculate your daily fructose intake. The amount of sugar substitute directly depends on the age of the child and the nature of the course of the disease.

How to deal with hunger

Cells get the nourishment they need when insulin copes with the breakdown of carbohydrates. When the medicine fails to cope with the amount of food containing carbohydrates, then the sugar level rises above normal and poisons the body.

The person begins to feel thirsty and intense hunger. It turns out a vicious circle: the patient overeats and again feels hungry.

Feeling hungry in diabetes

Therefore, if after dinner you want to have something else to eat, then you need to wait and measure the plasma glucose level. It should not be higher than 7.8 mmol / L 2 hours after eating.

Based on the results of the analysis, you can determine what it is: a lack of carbohydrates, or an increase in blood sugar, and adjust the diet.

Diet for the table 9

The menu for the week for the first type of diabetes should be varied, with a sufficient amount of vitamins and proteins.

Mondays and Thursdays:

• Breakfast: rye toast, salad with cucumber, bell pepper and tomatoes, seasoned with herbs and low-fat soft cheese; boiled egg or steam omelet.
• Second breakfast: vegetable juice, 2 rye bread.
• Lunch: lean borscht, vinaigrette, half a portion of buckwheat porridge with a piece of steamed fish and berry juice.
• Afternoon snack: 2 slices of doctor's sausage with baked zucchini, vegetable juice.
• Dinner: boiled potatoes (2 pcs.), Steamed cutlet, a glass of kefir and a green apple.

Tuesdays and Fridays:

• Breakfast: 2 slices of stewed rabbit, oatmeal, carrot and apple salad, tea.
• Second breakfast: 150 g low-fat cottage cheese with half a banana.
• Lunch: soup with chicken meatballs (300 ml), 150 g of vegetable stew, a glass of compote.
• Afternoon snack: a glass of berries.
• Dinner: buckwheat porridge with sausage, vegetable juice.

Wednesdays and Saturdays:

• Breakfast: rye toast with soft low-fat cheese, salad with cucumbers, tomatoes and herbs, apple.
• Second breakfast: curd soufflé, a glass of tea with lemon.
• Lunch: 300 ml of fish soup, 200 g of rice with corn and asparagus beans, baked apple.
• Afternoon snack: a glass of apricot juice.
• Dinner: oatmeal with berries, dried fruit compote.

On Sundays:

• Breakfast: lazy dumplings with cottage cheese, seasoned with low-fat sour cream, a cup of coffee.
• Second breakfast: 2 rye bread and 200 g of fresh or frozen berries.
• Lunch: 300 ml of buckwheat soup, 100 g of baked vegetables and chicken breast each, cranberry juice on xylitol.
• Dinner: oatmeal (150 g) with two sausages, apple and celery salad, a glass of tomato juice.

Menu for a week with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Day	Menu
Monday	Breakfast: buckwheat porridge on water (150 g), cabbage salad, seasoned with lemon juice and tea without sugar. For the second breakfast, you can choose one baked apple and a glass of mineral water. Lunch: borscht cooked in lean broth, a piece of boiled poultry, berry jelly and jelly. Afternoon snack: cheese cakes with pear puree. Dinner: cabbage and meat cutlets, add one rye to them. bread and unsweetened green tea. And before going to bed, you can drink a cup of kefir.
Tuesday	Breakfast: barley with grated carrots, a slice of bread and tea. For lunch, a jar of natural yogurt and more tea. Lunch: pumpkin soup, stewed vegetable stew with a small addition of lean meat, salad of cucumbers and asparagus. Afternoon snack: one orange and rose hips. Dinner: brown rice casserole, one chicken protein. eggs and tea. A glass of fermented baked milk for the night.
Wednesday	Breakfast: a piece of boiled white fish, 150 g of low-fat crumbly cottage cheese and green tea. A little later, you can eat one grapefruit. Lunch: fish soup, boiled poultry, and as a side dish you can choose boiled broccoli sprinkled with grated cheese. Afternoon snack: a piece of curd casserole. Dinner: fish balls and schnitzel from cabbage, and before bedtime a glass of liquid yogurt sugarless.
Thursday	Breakfast: millet porridge baked with pumpkin. You can have a cup of coffee with milk and a slice of hard cheese. An hour later, a compote of dried fruits is offered. Lunch: porcini mushroom soup, baked cauliflower, 150 g of boiled meat. Afternoon snack: one sour apple baked with honey. Dinner: fish soufflé, fresh vegetable salad, beet juice. And before going to bed, you can drink a glass of milk.
Friday	Breakfast: barley porridge with carrots. Beetroot salad, a slice of bread and tea. After an hour and a half, you can eat fruit jelly. Lunch: bean soup, stewed liver with carrots, 100 g of brown rice. Afternoon snack: salad of two apples and one orange. Dinner: zucchini pancakes baked in the oven. And two hours later, a jar of cottage cheese.
Saturday and Sunday	On weekends, you can choose one of the above rations. The main thing is not to use a lot of vegetable oil and not fry the food when cooking. The best heat treatment option is boiling and stewing.

Basic nutritional principles

Doctors advise victims of the disease to adhere to a diet that, in fact, is not much different from the healthy diet of the average person. However, at the same time, monitor the amount of carbohydrates consumed, the specific gravity of which during each meal should not exceed 8 bread units (hereinafter - XE). Roughly speaking, each meal should consist of:

• 55% carbohydrates
• 25% protein;
• 20% fat.

For a long time, doctors prescribed a diet that was as limited as possible to fat intake for victims of type 1 diabetes, but after years it became clear that such steps did not have a positive therapeutic effect. Also, the sick were forbidden to eat spicy food and fried foods, however, these taboos were superfluous. Of course, if people are sick not only with diabetes, but also with other ailments, especially those associated with the digestive system, then such restrictions are appropriate.

The only thing patients with type 1 diabetes need to be careful with are dishes with a high sugar content. Before enjoying some dessert, you need to calculate how much XE is in the product. But this, perhaps, is all from the category of severe restrictions.

Indicative example of a type 1 diabetic's diet. You can use the information to compose your menu

What Other Rules Should Diabetes Victims Follow?

• you need to eat fractionally (in modest portions, from 5 times during the day);
• try to consume no more than 3000 kcal per day, therefore, each meal should include up to 600 kcal;
• it is advisable to sit down at the table at a certain hour;
• plan the menu for each meal in advance and take into account the dose of insulin injected;
• use substitutes instead of sugar if necessary;
• control the composition of each piece consumed.

How to correctly distribute the calorie intake throughout the day? Focus on the following recommendations (% is indicated from the total diet for the day):

• morning - 25%;
• snack - 10%
• lunch meal - 35%;
• afternoon tea - 10%
• evening meal - 20%.

As you can see, the main load (in terms of calorie content) on the body is permissible in the first half of the day, while after lunch, meals should be modest and low-calorie. You can increase the number of meals, but do so according to these guidelines.

If you adhere exactly to these nutritional principles, then you can live a full life. You will not feel any deviations in well-being. The main thing is to make it a rule to follow the recommendations and, if possible, bring the process to automatism. In many patients, by the way, this is very successful.

Recommended Daily Calorie Diet for Type 1 Diabetes Victims. If you want to live well, get used to the new rules.

Dishes and ingredients for people with type 1 diabetes

From cottage cheese:

• Cottage cheese with a fat content of no more than 5%;
• Cottage cheese casserole;
• Syrniki.

• Beetroot;
• Okroshka (we replace the sausage with chicken breast);
• Borscht (lean meat or vegetarian option);
• Mushroom;
• With meatballs (beef, lean meat).

Porridge from cereals:

• Buckwheat;
• Oatmeal (choose the one that is cooked for a long time - from 10 minutes);
• Millet;
• Barley;
• Pearl barley;
• Rice (from unprocessed rice)
• Legumes.

Meat and fish - any cooking method except frying:

• Lean meat;
• Sea fish, river;
• Canned fish in its own juice;
• Poultry (meat only, no skin).

• Protein omelet;
• Boiled eggs 1-2 pieces (no more than 2 times a week).

Vegetables - in any recipe and cooking method, except for frying:

• All types of cabbage, salads;
• Tomatoes;
• Pumpkin;
• Eggplant;
• Cucumbers, zucchini;
• Greens (parsley, dill).

Sweet dishes:

• Jelly;
• Unsweetened berries compotes;
• Baked apples, pears;
• Desserts for diabetics.

• Tea, coffee, chicory;
• Freshly squeezed juices - vegetable or fruit;
• Rosehip decoction.

• Mushroom;
• Vegetable;

Diet 9 for insulin dependent diabetics

In the treatment of any disease, one of the methods of therapeutic influence is to change the diet. There are special systems aimed at patients suffering from certain pathologies. For diabetics, such a system is also provided - this is diet number 9.

This type of diet is not considered strict, it can be adjusted according to individual preferences and the patient's condition.

The basic rules relate to fractional and frequent meals, limiting the amount of salt, as well as methods of cooking (cooking, stewing and steaming are considered preferable). It is advisable to give up frying and stewing, although sometimes the use of dishes prepared in these ways is allowed.

What you need to exclude from your daily diet

If there are dishes that are useful for diabetics, then there are those that will be harmful to them. These products include:

• legumes and potatoes;
• beets and carrots;
• any types of canned food and pickles;
• sweets based on regular sugar;
• ice cream and sugary carbonated drinks;
• fatty, heavily fried foods;
• baked goods made from premium flour;
• sweet kind of fruit.

All types of fruits cannot be excluded from the daily menu, since the vitamins and fiber they contain are vital for the human body. You just should give preference to not too sweet types, for example, sour varieties of apples or pears. You can also eat garden strawberries and raspberries, cherries and cherries. But bananas, grapes and raisins should be discarded, as they contain a huge amount of sugar.

Low Carb Diet Menu

The doctor can adjust the diet based on the results of the treatment.

Monday

1. For breakfast, 200 g of buckwheat, cabbage salad with lemon juice (100 g) are prepared. You can eat 60 g of rye bread.
2. Lean borsch is suitable for lunch (products are selected from the list of allowed ones), the broth in such a dish should be lean. The second course consists of boiled chicken (80 g) pasta (60 g) and rye bread. The drink is compote.
3. For a snack, make a low-fat cottage cheese casserole.
4. For dinner, prepare 150 g of meat cutlets, squash caviar in the amount of 60. You can eat two slices of bread.

1. Breakfast consists of milk barley (200 g), cabbage salad (50 g) and rye bread. The drink is tea.
2. For lunch, a light vegetable soup is prepared (it is recommended to eat 1 portion - 250 g), boiled meat (80 g), a salad of vegetables that are included in the list of allowed. Allowed to eat 2 slices of bran bread.
3. For dinner, a curd casserole (170 g), a boiled egg, and a glass of compote are recommended.

Steamed or steamed fish cakes will not critically raise glucose levels

1. Breakfast will consist of fish cakes (60 g), bread and low-fat cottage cheese. The drink is tea. After 3 hours, you can eat grapefruit.
2. For lunch, prepare vegetable soup, the recommended portion is 200 g, chicken fillet (130 g), cabbage salad (130 g) Drink - tea. Bread - 2 slices
3. Dinner will consist of 100 g of steamed meatballs, vegetable stew (150 g) and 1 boiled egg. The drink is tea.

1. Oatmeal is prepared for breakfast, portion - 180 g. Brown bread is well suited - 2 slices. If you wish, you can make a salad of cabbage and apples, the recommended amount is 150 g. The drink may contain a minimum of caffeine; a sugar substitute is used to add a sweet taste.
2. For lunch, borscht is prepared: you need to eat one portion - 250 g. The second course consists of lean meat (60 g), bread and stewed cabbage (120 g). The drink is compote.
3. For dinner it is proposed to bake fish, portion - 170 g, cook vegetable stew, portion - 200 g. Drink - tea.

1. Oatmeal is prepared for breakfast, portion - 170 g, boiled beetroot salad (100 g). Rye bread is allowed. The drink is compote. After a couple of hours, you can eat an apple.
2. For lunch, prepare lean soup with vegetables, portion - 200 g. You can boil 70 g of liver. Bread is allowed in an amount of 50 g.
3. Dinner consists of pumpkin casserole (120 g), cabbage and tomato salad (100 g), fish cakes.

1. For breakfast, a curd casserole is prepared, portion - 120 g. You can eat an orange.
2. Lunch consists of lean soup (200 g), buckwheat (150 g) and boiled meat in the amount of 100 g.
3. Beet salad is prepared for dinner, portion - 100 g, buckwheat, portion - 150 g. Drink - tea.

Sunday

1. Breakfast will consist of oatmeal (150 g) and 1 egg. The drink is compote.
2. Recommended for lunch is vegetable soup, portion - 250 g, meat stew in the amount of 100 g. Drink - tea.
3. Dinner consists of buckwheat porridge (200 g) and beet salad (120 g). The drink is yogurt.

Some distinctive features of food

Not all patients with type 1 diabetes are eligible for a high protein diet. For nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome, it is recommended to reduce the amount of protein consumed. To support the body, one of the main rules is a low-protein diet - this is one of the methods of symptomatic therapy in such patients. Therefore, protein intake is limited. Doctors recommend up to 0.8 g per 1 kg of protein weight per day. In addition to limiting proteins, the patient is prescribed a decrease in salt to 2.5 g in the daily diet. This means that salt is not used at all for cooking, including for bakery products.

Nutritionists recommend using foods with a reduced salt content: rice, oatmeal, carrots, all types of cabbage. From meat products it is better to give preference to veal, turkey and rabbit meat, and from fish - cod, pollock, hake.

Insulin-dependent patients who administer short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins should know a few more nutritional rules:

• The number of carbohydrate meals for each day should be approximately the same. You can expand your carbohydrate diet using special tables for diabetics, in which you can find interchangeable foods.
• To avoid hypoglycemia, the calorie content of meals should be distributed in strict accordance with the peaks of the action of injectable insulin.

This will make it possible to avoid hypoglycemia. For simple insulin:

• First morning injection + protein breakfast.
• You can include carbohydrates with your second breakfast.
• For lunch, exclude bread.
• After the second injection: carbohydrates in an hour or an hour and a half.

For prolonged-release insulins, carbohydrates are distributed to all meals in approximately equal amounts.

For patients with a threat of diabetic coma, fats are limited to 30 g per day, proteins - up to 50 g. An increase in the amount of easily digestible carbohydrates up to 300 g is possible. , honey. In the precomatose state, fats and proteins are completely excluded from the diet, and the diabetic eats carbohydrate foods.

Each patient with diabetes has its own characteristics: age, daily dosages of insulin injections, level of physical activity, concomitant diseases. Therefore, the adjustment in frequency, volume and total calorie content of foods and dishes must be determined by the attending endocrinologist.

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Table 9 for diabetics

For patients with mild to moderate diabetes mellitus who are overweight, the so-called diet 9 or table number 9 was developed, which subsequently became very popular. Table 9 for diabetes mellitus is a balanced diet, in which the patient consumes daily from 300 to 350 grams of carbohydrates, 100 grams of protein, as well as no more than 80 grams of fat, at least 30% of which must be vegetable.

The essence of such a dietary diet is to limit the calorie intake of such patients. In this case, sugar and any sweets are absolutely excluded, which can be easily replaced with sweeteners. Experts identify low-fat types of fish, cottage cheese, vegetables and fruits, as well as whole grain flakes as the recommended foods within the framework of diet number 9. This kind of diet maintains chronic hunger in patients and is very harmful for diabetics, as it increases the sugar level in the body.

In addition to diet number 9, experts have developed a very detailed menu for the week for diabetics with the first type of disease. Such a diet will effectively fight weight and significantly improve overall health. Thus, the diet of diabetics plays a huge role. After all, it is this aspect of the life of such patients that significantly affects their health and condition.

FULL COURSE of diabetes school

How to make a cake for a diabetic

Table number 9 for diabetes mellitus Menu for the week and recipes for dietary dishes

Composition of meals for a diabetic diet

Carbohydrate-free diet for a child with type 1 diabetes

Eating a Type 1 Diabetes Diet

How to eat in the office with diabetes and other chronic diseases

Recipes for diabetics Menus and dishes for diabetics 1

Diet for diabetes type 1 menu for a week

Low-carb diet for type 1 and 2 diabetes: rules, menus for the week, recipes

Type 1 diabetes mellitus the right diet and treatment to improve the quality of life! ✓ Doctor's lecture.

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What not to eat with type 1 and 2 diabetes: a list of foods, prohibitions

Nutrition for type 1 diabetes

How to eat properly with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: modes, menus

Diet for type 1 diabetics for a week

Nutrition for type 1 diabetes mellitus: the right menu

Low-carb diet for diabetes: a menu for the week

Why non-compliance with the diet is dangerous

Disruption of glucose metabolism causes two dangerous conditions, the symptoms of which must be distinguished in order to cope with them in time.

Hyperglycemia

This condition occurs when insulin cannot handle excess carbohydrates. The breakdown of proteins and fats begins with the formation of ketone bodies. The liver does not have time to process them, and they end up in the kidneys and urine. Urinalysis shows high levels of acetone.

Hyperglycemia symptoms:

• intense, unquenchable thirst;
• dry skin and pain in the eyes;
• frequent urination
• long wound healing;
• weakness;
• high blood pressure;
• arrhythmia;
• blurred vision.

The condition is caused by a spike in blood sugar to high levels. The person feels dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, weakness. The patient's condition requires urgent hospitalization.

Hypoglycemia

Lack of glucose also causes the appearance of acetone in the body. The condition occurs due to an overdose of insulin, fasting, diarrhea and vomiting, dehydration, overheating, after intense physical exertion.

Symptoms:

• pallor of the skin;
• chills;
• weakness;
• dizziness.

The condition requires immediate hospitalization because starvation of brain cells can lead to coma.

If the sugar level is below 4 mmol / L, then the patient should immediately take a glucose tablet, a piece of refined sugar, or eat lollipop candy.

About fast foods and snacks

This is a very serious pathology: with gastroparesis, the metabolism is disturbed, the organs of the gastrointestinal tract suffer. In people with such a pathology, food from the stomach into the intestines gets in different ways, as a result, sugar after eating either rises or falls. With diabetic gastroparesis, it is difficult to control glucose levels. Symptoms of the disease appear in the evening. An increase in sugar levels can occur during sleep, then a person will not be able to normalize it.

With the abuse of fast food, diabetic gastroparesis develops

If a person is following a low-carb diet, they should not snack (with other diets, snacks are acceptable)

If, however, the patient does have a snack, the food should not be heavy, and it is important to choose a dose of short insulin before meals, so that the glucose level will be kept at normal levels. When following a low-carb diet, you should refrain from snacks.

If a diabetic has a snack, he should eat foods without carbohydrates.

If you need to have a snack, you need to be sure that the food after the main meal is digested. So you can avoid the increase in glucose from eating. Before a snack, insulin should be injected; the effects of the injections should not be allowed to overlap. Otherwise, hypoglycemia will occur. It should be 5 hours from the main meal to the snack. For more information on the dangers of fast food, see this video:

Do not snack at night: blood sugar in the morning can rise! It is important to follow all dietary rules. The food on the menu is light and highly digestible

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